NRSG2222 FINAL ALL KEY TERMS

adventitious

extra/abnormal sounds of breathing

alveoli

small air sacs @ end of terminal bronchioles, site of gas exchange

angina

temporary imbalance btw amt of O needed by heart and amt delivered to heart muscles causing chest pain/discomfort

arterial blood gas (ABG)

test that measures levels of O, CO2, pH in blood

atelectasis

incomplete lung expansion or the collapse of alveoli, prevents P ∆ and gas exchange by diffusion in lungs

atria

upper heart chambers, receive blood from veins

atrioventricular (AV) node

mass of tissue located at bottom of R atrium

atrioventricular bundle

group of fibers, impulse enters here after it reaches AV node

bradypnea

abnormally slow breathing

bronchial

loud, high-pitched sounds heard primarily over trachea/larynx

bronchodilators

inhaled meds may be administered to open narrowed airways to liquefy/loosen thick secretions (mucolytics) or to reduce inflammation in airways (corticosteroids)

bronchovesicular

medium-pitched blowing sounds heard over major bronchi

capnography

technique to measure the CO2 level in expired gas, noninvasive way to monitor/evaluate resp fxn/ventilation

cardiopulmonary

cardiovascular system + respiratory system

cardiovascular

pertaining to heart and BV

cilia

microscopic hair-like projections, propel trapped material/mucus toward upper airway so they can be coughed out

circulation

continuous 1-way circuit of blood through BV, w/ heart as the pump

crackles

soft, high-pitched discontinuous popping sounds, frequently heard on inspiration

diffusion

movement of gas/particles from areas of higher P or [] to areas of lower P/[]

dyspnea

difficulty breathing

dysrhythmia

disturbance of the rate and/or rhythm of heart

electrocardiogram (ECG)

record of cardiac activity, electrodes attach to skin and detect electric currents and transmit them to an instrument that produces the record

endotracheal tube

flexible tube inserted through mouth/nose into trachea to secure an airway

expiration

passive phase of ventilation, movement of air out of lungs

hyperventilation

increased rate/depth of ventilation, above body’s normal metabolic requirements

hypoventilation

decreased rate/depth of air movement into lungs

hypoxemia

insufficient O in the blood

hypoxia

inadequate amt of O available to cells

inspiration

active phase of ventilation, involves movement of muscles/thorax to bring air into lungs

internal respiration

exchange of O and CO2 btw circulating blood and tissue cells

ischemia

decreased O supply to tissue

myocardial infarction

1 type of acute coronary syndrome characterized by death of heart tissue d/t lack of O, aka heart attack

oxygenation

process of providing life-sustaining O to body’s cells

perfusion

process by which oxygenated cap blood passes through body tissues

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into/out of lungs

pulse oximetry

noninvasive technique that measures peripheral arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) of arterial blood

respiration

involves gas exchange btw atmospheric air in alveoli and blood in caps

sinoatrial (SA) node

mass of tissue in upper R atrium that initiates transmission of electrical impulses causing contraction of the heart at regular intetrvals

spirometer

instrument that measures lung volumes and airflow

sputum

resp secretion expelled by coughing/clearing throat

subcutaneous emphysema

condition where air becomes trapped in tissues under skin

surfactant

detergent-like phospholipid that reduces surface tension btw moist membranes of the alveoli preventing collapse

tachypnea

abnormally rapid breathing

tracheostomy

artificial opening made into trachea, usually at level of 2nd/3rd cartilaginous ring

tracheostomy tube

curved tube inserted through tracheostomy
used to replace endochondral tube, provide method for mech ventilation of pt, bypass upper airway obstruction, when endotracheal tube intubation not possible, remove tracheobronchial secretions

ventricles

lower heart chambers, force blood out of heart through arteries

vesicular

low-pitched, soft sounds heard over peripheral lung fields

wheezes

continuous musical sounds, produced as air passes through constricted airways

inhaled drugs

meds that are aerosolized/delivered in small particles, breathed in by pt
metered-dose inhaler (MDI), dry powder inhaler (DPI), nebulizer

absorption

process by which nutrients from digested food pass through walls of SI into bloodstream

anorexia

lack of appetite
can be from systemic/local diseases, psychosocial causes, impaired ability to smell/taste, drug therapy, medical Tx

anthropometric

relating to scientific study of measurements/proportions of human body

aspiration

misdirection of oropharyngeal secretions/gastric contents into larynx and lower resp tract

basal metabolism

E required to fuel involuntary activities of body at rest after 12-hr fast

body mass index (BMI)

ratio of wt (kg) to ht (m²), provides estimate of body fat, initial assessment of nutritional status

digestion

process where GI system breaks down food into particles small enough to pass into cells and can be used by cells

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing or inability to swallow

enteral nutrition

method of providing nutritional support by delivering nutrients directly into GI tract through tube

gastric residual volume

amt of fluid remaining in stomach after meal or tube feeding

gastrostomy

opening created in stomach

gastrostomy tube

inserted through abd wall directly into stomach

nasogastric (NG) tube

inserted through nose and into stomach
ex: Levin tube, Dobbhoff tube

nasointestinal (NI) tube

passed through nose and into upper portion of small intestine
indicated for pt w/ high aspiration risk, intolerance to gastric EN

NPO

nothing by mouth
Rx’ed for period of time prior to surgery, before certain diagnostic tests, severe nausea/vomiting, inability to chew/swallow, comatose pts

nutrients

specific biochemical substances used by body for growth, development, activity, reproduction, lactation, hlth maintenance, recovery from illness/injury

nutrition

study of intake of food and how food nourishes body

obesity

indicated by BMI of 30-39.9

parenteral nutrition

med Tx that provides all necessary nutrients directly into bloodstream through catheter

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)

surgically placed gastrostomy tube, or gastrostomy placed via interventional radiologic methods

recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

avg daily dietary intake of nutrient that’s sufficient to meet requirement of nearly all healthy ppl

waist circumference

measure that is good indicator of abd fat

autonomic bladder

when a pt’s bladder is no longer controlled by their brain b/c injury/disease and voiding is by reflex only

bacteriuria

asymptomatic cond in which bacteria are present in urine

continent

having self-control over a bodily process

continent urinary diversion (CUD)

surgical alternative option for diversion of urine, uses section of intestine to create internal reservoir that holds urine w/ creation of catheterizable stoma

cutaneous ureterostomy

type of incontinent cutaneous urinary diversion, ureters directed through abd wall and attached to opening in skin

enuresis

continued incontinence of urine past age of toilet training

fenestrated

caps in glomerulus where blood plasma filtered to remove waste while retaining large proteins and blood cells

functional incontinence

urine loss caused by inability to reach toilet b/c environmental barriers, physical limitations, loss of memory, disorientation

hematuria

blood in the urine

ileal conduit

aka urostomy, most common type of incontinent cutaneous urinary diversion urine excreted through stoma from SI

incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD)

form of moisture-associated skin damage from excess contact of skin w/ urine/feces

incontinent

having involuntary or uncontrolled loss of urine

indwelling urethral catheter

remains in place for continuous drainage, aka retention/Foley catheters, balloon inflated to ensure cath remains in bladder once inserted

intermittent urethral catheters

aka straight catheters, used to drain bladder for short periods

micturition

another name for urination or voiding

mixed incontinence

combination of stress incontinence and urgency incontinence, marked by involuntary leakage associated w/ urgency as well as w/ exertion/effort/sneezing/coughing

nephrotoxic

capable of causing kidney damage

nocturia

the need to wake up at night in order to urinate

overflow incontinence

chronic retention of urine, involuntary loss of urine associated w/ overdistention and overflow of bladder

postvoid residual (PVR)

amt of urine remaining in bladder immediately after voiding

specific gravity

measures density of a fluid compared to the density of water

stoma

artificial opening made into hollow organ

stress incontinence

involuntary loss of urine related to an increase in intra-abd P

suprapubic catheter

indwelling urinary catheter used for long-term continuous drainage, inserted surgically through small incision above pubic area

symphysis pubis

cartilaginous joint located at front of pelvis where 2 pubic bones meet

total (continuous) incontinence

continuous, unpredictable loss of urine, resulting from surgery/trauma/physical malformation like urogenital fistula

transient incontinence

incontinence that appears suddenly and is usually caused by an illness or temporary problem that is short-lived or treatable

urge incontinence

involuntary loss of urine that occurs soon after feeling urgent need to void

urinary diversion

surgical procedure that reroutes flow of urine from kidneys to external bag or reservoir bypassing bladder