Indigenous Rights in Canada

Indigenous rights are __, flowing from the continued use and occupation of specific areas by Indigenous peoples.

collective

These rights existed long before European contact and are not granted by external authorities but are tied to specific __ Indigenous peoples have inhabited.

territories

The right to __ means the right to self-determination and self-governance.

self-government

Indigenous peoples’ rights to their ancestral lands are known as __ rights.

land

__ rights refer to hunting, fishing, and gathering for sustenance.

subsistence

Section 35 of the Constitution Act recognizes and affirms Indigenous rights but does not __ them.

create

The Sparrow Test is established to evaluate whether an Indigenous right exists and how it may be __ upon.

infringed

Criteria for infringement includes imposing undue __ on the Indigenous group.

hardship

The infringement must serve a valid legislative __, such as conservation.

objective

Treaties were often used under __ circumstances to acquire land from Indigenous peoples.

unequal

The impact of treaties often left Indigenous communities with less land, fewer resources, and limited __.

self-governance

The __ of Section 35 specifies that the rights apply to First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples.

subsection (2)

Section 35 recognizes that treaty rights include those acquired through __ agreements.

land claims

The government’s interpretation of treaties frequently undermined the original __.

intent

The rights recognized by Section 35 existed before the year __.

1982

Consultation or at least __ of affected Indigenous groups is required for justifying infringement.

notification

The practice of hunting, fishing, and gathering is protected under Indigenous __ rights.

subsistence

Historical treaties often promised compensation, rights to land, and protections that were not fully __.

honored

Indigenous governance systems were disrupted due to the __ of treaties.

misinterpretation

The rights affirmed by Section 35 guarantee equal protection for both males and __.

females

The __ rights encompass land, resources, self-determination, and cultural practices.

diversity of

Indigenous rights are rooted in historical, cultural, and __ contexts.

legal

Section 35 recognizes existing Aboriginal and __ rights.

treaty

The Sparrow Test sets out criteria for when a government action can __ Indigenous rights.

limit

The effect of treaties on First Nations, Métis, and Inuit was largely negative, leading to the loss of __.

land

The infringement must result in minimal __ to achieve the desired objective.

infringement

The Canadian government often used treaties to acquire land with little regard for the true __ of the agreements.

intent

Conditions for justifying infringement include fair __.

compensation

The recognition and affirmation of Indigenous rights in Canada are significantly influenced by the __ Act, 1982.

Constitution

Indigenous rights are tied to the land, culture, and __ systems.

governance

Section 35 indicates that Indigenous rights are to be recognized and __ under the Canadian Constitution.

protected

The __ of treaties has led to profound mistrust and hardship for Indigenous communities.

broken promises

Cultural rights encompass the right to practice one’s own __, religion, and language.

culture

The relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government has been shaped by historical __.

treaties

Government actions that limit Indigenous rights must be __ in the context of the Indigenous peoples' rights.

unreasonable

rights existed long before policies and legislation recognized them.

Inherent

The need for __ in Indigenous rights discussions emphasizes the importance of fair legal processes.

consultation

Indigenous rights, while recognized, remain a __ issue.

complex

The __ of Indigenous rights aims to support reconciliation and justice.

understanding

Critics argue that the implementation of Indigenous rights has often been __ by governmental policies.

hampered

The Sparrow Test evaluates government actions based on established __ and conditions.

criteria

The erosion of Indigenous governance systems arose notably from the impact of __.

treaties

Prominent Indigenous rights include rights to land, resources, cultural practices, and __.

self-determination

Indigenous communities demand recognition and protection of their rights as outlined in the __ Act.

Constitution

The debate surrounding Indigenous rights is often influenced by historical __ and contexts.

inequities