Cells

Cell Structure

The physical composition and arrangement of a cell's components, including organelles and the plasma membrane.

Prokaryotes

Simpler, unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus; includes bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotes

Complex cells that possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes fungi, plants, and animals.

Plasma Membrane

A protective layer surrounding the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like fluid inside the cell containing organelles and cytosol.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that houses genetic material and controls cellular activities.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A network of membranous sacs with ribosomes attached, responsible for protein synthesis.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A membranous network without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

A series of membrane-bound sacs that modify, package, and direct proteins and lipids to their destinations.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell; responsible for producing ATP through aerobic respiration.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes for breaking down waste and cellular debris.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments that provide structural support and help in cell movement.

Microtubules

Hollow tubes made of tubulin, providing stability and aiding in organelle movement.

Microfilaments

Thin strands made of actin, involved in muscle contraction and cellular movement.

Intermediate Filaments

Provide mechanical support to the cell and help maintain its shape.

Endomembrane Transport System

A system involving multiple organelles working together to move proteins and other molecules through the cell.

Extracellular Matrix

The network of proteins and carbohydrates outside the cell that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

Glycoproteins

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached, playing key roles in cell recognition and signaling.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The double-layered arrangement of phospholipids that makes up the plasma membrane.

Autolysis

The process of self-digestion by lysosomes, which can occur in damaged or aged cells.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, a controlled process involving lysosomes.