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Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by the linking of multiple monosaccharides. They can serve as energy storage (like starch and glycogen) or as structural components (like cellulose and chitin).
Glycosidic bond
A type of covalent bond that connects a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which can be another carbohydrate or a different molecule. It is formed through a dehydration reaction.
Glycosidic bond
A type of covalent bond that connects a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate. This bond forms during the condensation reaction between hydroxyl groups of two sugars.
Dextrin
A group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen, often used as a food additive or energy source. An example of dextrin is maltodextrin, commonly used in sports drinks and supplements.
Amylose
A type of starch composed of long, unbranched chains of glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds, contributing to the energy storage in plants.
Glycogen
A highly branched polysaccharide made up of glucose units, serving as a primary energy storage form in animals and fungi.
Starch
A complex carbohydrate made up of long chains of glucose units, primarily found in plants and used as an energy storage molecule.
Lignin
A complex organic polymer found in the cell walls of plants, providing rigidity and resistance to decay.
Ketogenic
A metabolic state in which the body utilizes ketones, derived from fatty acids, as the primary source of energy instead of glucose.
Glycolysis
The metabolic process that breaks down glucose to produce energy, resulting in pyruvate and ATP.
Kreb’s cycle
A series of enzymatic reactions in cellular respiration that produce energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Electron transport chain
A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons, creating a proton gradient used to produce ATP.
Gluconeogenesis
The metabolic process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, primarily occurring in the liver and kidneys.
Lactic acid fermentation
A metabolic process that converts glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the production of lactic acid as a byproduct.
Ketosis
A metabolic state characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood, occurring when carbohydrate intake is low and fat is used as the primary energy source.
disacchardies
Carbohydrates formed by two monosaccharides linked together, commonly found in sugars like sucrose and lactose.
oligosaccharides
Short chains of monosaccharides, typically consisting of 3 to 10 sugar units, that serve as energy sources and can be found in various plant and animal products.
trisaccharides
Carbohydrates made up of three monosaccharides linked together, often found in foods like raffinose and maltotriose.
pectin
A soluble fiber found in fruits and vegetables, often used as a gelling agent in food processing.
cellulose
A polysaccharide composed of long chains of glucose units, providing structural support in the cell walls of plants and contributing to dietary fiber.
amylopectin
A highly branched polysaccharide that is a component of starch, providing energy storage in plants.
inulin
A soluble dietary fiber found in many plants, particularly chicory root, that acts as a prebiotic and supports gut health.
gums
A group of hydrophilic polysaccharides that are secreted by certain plants, providing thickening and stabilizing properties in food and aiding in digestion.
glucogenic
Referring to substances that can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis, providing energy for metabolic processes.
bioavailability
The degree to which nutrients are absorbed and utilized by the body from food sources.
pyruvate dehydrogenase
An enzyme complex that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and facilitating energy production.
redox reaction
A chemical process involving the transfer of electrons between two species, resulting in oxidation of one and reduction of the other.
oxidative phosphorylation
A metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP, primarily occurring in the mitochondria.
facultative anaerobes
Organisms that can survive with or without oxygen, using aerobic respiration when oxygen is present and fermentation or anaerobic respiration when it is not.
alcoholic fermentation
A biological process that converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide, typically carried out by yeast in anaerobic conditions.
Diabetes Mellitus II
A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose), often characterized by insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels.
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