D&B - Final (Hallucinogens)

LSD, psilocybin, MDMA

drugs that distort cognition and perception of reality at relatively low doses

hallucinogen - what is it?

hallucinogen - other terms that it is called

• psychotomimetic

• illusionogenics

• psychedelics

hallucinogens - what is MDMA better classified as?

empathogen

what drugs are hallucinogens?

• LSD

• psilocybin

• MDMA

LSD - ROA

mucous membranes

(typically liquid, can also be inhaled/injected)

• even a small amount gets into the brain

• very potent

LSD - metabolism

LSD - MAO

partial serotonin agonist at 5HT2A

psilocybin - ROA

oral

(typically dried out and eaten raw/steeped into tea)

body converts into psilocin (the metabolite that is actually causing effects in the body)

psilocybin - metabolism

psilocybin - MAO

partial serotonin agonist

MDMA - ROA

• oral

• insufflation

• user’s usually take by “stacking” (3+ pills at once) or “piggy-backing” (series of tablets over a short period of time)

what enzyme is MDMA metabolized by?

CYP2D6

what is serotonin? (abbreviation, what does it do?)

• 5HT

• mood regulation

• the lower this NT, the more likely

which drug is more potent/lasts longer: LSD or psilocybin?

LSD

LSD & Psilocybin - toxic effects

none

Bad Trip

• what is it?

• which hallucinogen is it associated with?

• a disturbing/frightening psychological experience that can occur while under the influence of a hallucinogen

• LSD

flashbacks

a psychological phenomenon in which a subject experiences the subjective effects of a drug long after the drug has worn off

LSD & psilocybin - TI

very high

LSD & psilocybin - what kind of tolerance develops?

• acute tolerance (develops quick after a couple uses & fades quick once use stops)

• cross tolerance (tolerant to one drug = tolerant to other)

LSD & psilocybin - withdrawal effects

minimal to no withdrawal

why is LSD not addictive?

• use everyday → tolerance builds until you don’t feel the effects anymore

• time commitment → need to set aside whole day

• bad trip = traumatizing

how are psilocybin behavioral effects different from LSD?

• “warmer”

• more relaxing

• less isolating

• not as emotionally intense

MDMA - MOA

• ↑ serotonin release

• blocks serotonin reuptake

• inhibits MAO

MDMA - acute effects

• stimulant & hallucinogenic effects

additional effects:

• sense of empathy, warmth, closeness to others, euphoria, distortions in time/perception, enhanced enjoyment of tactile experiences

• hyperthermia

• low plasma levels of sodium

• cardiac complications

MDMA - chronic effects

• serotonin syndrome

• verbal memory deficits, reduced mental flexibility/attention, and changes in mood d/t neurotoxicity

• may be toxic to serotonin neurons (damage to nerve endings)

• bruxism (teeth grinding/damage)

MDMA - TI

~16

MDMA - tolerance effects

potential for dependence

MDMA - withdrawal effects

depression & fatigue

MDMA - potential medical use

PTSD

• reduce emotion/fear associated w memory

• revisit traumatic memories to work through them without becoming overwhelmed, overly anxious, or stressed

• increases trust between therapist and pt so pt can open up more freely

• supporting research → 2020 pilot study

  • 18 participants found that MDMA therapy decreased their anxiety more than those in the placebo group in people w a life threatening illness

what stimulant & hallucinogenic effects does MDMA have?

• euphoria

• distortions

• enhanced enjoyment of tactile experiences