bio lab exam review

Dilution Formula

C1V1 = C2V2, used for making solutions where C is concentration and V is volume.

Percent Error

ext{Percent Error} = \frac{|\text{Observed} - \text{Expected}|}{\text{Expected}} \times 100, measure of accuracy of experimental value.

Beer-Lambert Law

The principle that relates absorbance to concentration; used to determine unknown concentrations from absorbance values.

Mitosis

Cell division resulting in 2 identical diploid cells.

Meiosis

Cell division resulting in 4 genetically unique haploid gametes.

Aerobic Respiration

Overall reaction: C6H{12}O6 + 6O2 \rightarrow 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

Photosynthesis Formula

6CO2 + 6H2O \rightarrow C6H{12}O6 + 6O2 summarizes the process converting light energy to chemical energy.

Lac Operon

Regulates expression of lactose metabolism enzymes; ON when lactose is present and glucose is low.

Chi-square Formula

\chi^2 = \sum \frac{(O - E)^2}{E}, tests if data fits Mendelian ratios.

Total Magnification

The product of the objective lens magnification and the ocular lens magnification.

Independent Variable (IV)

The manipulated factor in an experiment, plotted on the X-axis.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The measured factor in an experiment, plotted on the Y-axis.

Constants in Experimental Design

Factors kept the same in all experiment groups to isolate the effect of the independent variable.

Sampling Size

A larger sample size leads to more statistically significant and reliable results.

Michaelis-Menten Equation

V = \frac{V{\text{max}} [S]}{Km + [S]} relates reaction velocity to substrate concentration.

Rate vs. Substrate Concentration Graph

Shows reaction rate increases until all enzyme active sites are saturated (Vmax).

Rate vs. Temperature Graph

Bell curve showing optimal temperature for enzyme activity.

Rate vs. pH Graph

Bell curve showing optimal pH for enzyme activity.

Overall ATP Yield in Respiration

Approximately 32 ATPs from aerobic respiration, varies based on NADH shuttle systems.

Depth of Field in Microscopy

The vertical distance that remains in focus as magnification increases.

Graph of Rate vs Light Intensity in Photosynthesis

Rate of photosynthesis increases with light until another factor becomes limiting.

E-value in BLAST

Represents expected number of hits by chance; a small value indicates a less random match.

p-value in Statistical Tests

A p-value < 0.05 often indicates a statistically significant difference.