Unit 6 - Consequences of Industrialization

1750-1900

Ideas that justified imperialsm

• nationalism

• scientific racism

• Social Darwinism: species survive because they are better adapted

• civilized mission

Civilized mission

industrial societies possessed duty to bring glories to “lower” societies

• send Christian missionaries

• reorganization of colonial governments into western

• western-style education

  • suppress indigenous language and culture

Historical developments

• shifting geographical focus

  • from Americas and Africa

• change in imperial states

  • Spain and Portugal declining

  • Germany, Italy, Belgium, US, Japan newer

How imperial states expanded

• private to state govs

• diplomacy (Berlin Conference)

• warfare (France takes over Algeria)

• settler colonies

• conquering neighboring territories

Diplomacy

making political agreements by means of dialogue and negotiation, not warfare

Berlin conference

borders drawn in Africa dividing previously united ethnic groups and brought together rivals

Settler colonies

colony where imperial power claims an already inhabited territory and sends its own people to set up an outpost of their own society

Settler colonies in South Pacific

Australia, New Zealand taken over and Aborigines, Maori, and other natives killed

United States conquering neighbors

manifest destiny moving indigenous peoples onto reservations

Russia conquering neighbors

Pan-Slavism: unite Ottomans and Austrians

Japan conquering neighbors

Meiji restoration, railroads built

Causes of resistance to imperial expansion from indigenous people

• increasing questions about political authority

  • many imperial powers introduced western style education to some folds under their imperial thumb

  • popular sovereignty, social contract

• growing sense of nationalism

Direct resistance of indigenous people against imperial expansion

• Indian rebellion of 1857

• Rebellion of Tupac Amaru II

• Yaa Asantewaa war

Creation of new indigenous states

Cherokee, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears

Indigenous religious rebellions from imperial expansion

• Ghost dance movement

• Xhosa cattle killing movement

• Cape Colony: better guns, better communication technology

Global economic changes

development of export economies

• export economy: economy primarily focused on the export of raw materials or goods for distant markets

Development of export economies

• need for raw materials

  • copper, cotton, rubber, gold, diamonds

• subsistence farming

• cash crops (yams, potatoes, wheat) take over

• transforming colonial economies to serve own interests (natural resources, crops)

Subsistence farming

farmers grew a variety of foods that they and their families consumed to survive

Causes of economic development

• imperial powers needed raw materials for industrial factories

• the need to supply good to growing urban centers

Effects of economic development

• profits from exports were used to purchase finished manufactured goods

• British empire: colonial holdings doubled in the 19th century integrating into a network of trade

• a growing economic dependence of colonial people on their imperial parents

Economic imperialism

act of one state extending control over another state by economic means

the Opium Wars

Britain grew opium in India to sell to China

• Qing Dynasty weakening against British and Taiping Rebellion

• 2nd Opium War causes spheres of influence

Port of Buenos Aires

extract raw materials from Argentina

• funded by British firms, located close to their factories, increase in exports to Britain, dependence on British investment

Commodity

any good that can be bought and sold on the market

Trade in commodities examples

• cotton: India and Egypt, exported to Britain, etc. dependent on external demand

• palm oil: Sub-Saharan Africa

Causes of migration

• demographic change

• famines

• political turmoil

Demographic change

global population exploded

• new medicines

• increasingly varied diets

Political turmoil

• Lebanese Diaspora: escape religious persecution of the Ottoman Empire

Voluntary migration

Irish, Italian, German immigrants left their home societies and relocated to the urban centers of East Coast US

• Chinese immigrants West Coast, railroad

Coerced and semi-coerced labor

Atlantic slave trade booming

• convict labor

Indian indentured servitude

contract to work for a number of years for free passage to destination

Effects of migration

• gender imbalance

• ethnic enclaves

• nativisim

Gender imbalance

• women more employed, cheaper

• subsistence farming

• family structures began to change

Ethnic enclaves

geographic area with a high concentration of people of same ethnicity with foreign culture

• outpost

• cultural diffusion

Outpost

provided a small outpost of the migrant’s culture in the receiving society where they spoke their native language, practiced their religion, and ate ethnically distinct foods

Cultural diffusion

home cultures and receiving socieites

Nativism

protecting interests of native born people over other, against the interests of immigrants

Prejudice government policies

• Chinese exclusion act (US)

• White Australia policy (British)