Unit 3: The Federalist Era, The Jeffersonian Era, the Era of Good Feeling

George Washington

the 1st President of the U.S., the only president ever to win all electoral votes, served 1788-1796

Inauguration

formal ceremony marking beginning of a leader's political career

Cabinet

the council of high ranking administrators in the U.S. government, chosen by the President and approved by the Senate

Secretary of State

the first was Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of War

the first was Benjamin Lincoln

Secretary of Treasury

the first was Robert Morris

Bill of Rights

an addition to the Constitution detailing and protecting the rights of the people, in many state a condition upon ratification

Judiciary Act of 1789

establishment of principle judicial review, expansion of the powers of the federal judicial system

Alexander Hamilton

a Federalist who was influential in the Washington administration, served as Secretary of the Treasury, helped Washington write his Farewell address

Report on Public Credit

written by Alexander Hamilton, analyzed the financial status of the United States, made recommendations for funding of government securities at par and assumption of the state debts

funding

the repayment of government securities (or bonds) at par

assumption

the process by which the national government takes up state governments' debts

whiskey exercise tax

increased the tax on whiskey, justified morally, instituted so the national government could gain revenue

Washington D.C.

the location of the national government, part of a compromise between Democratic Republican powerhouses Madison and Jefferson and Federalist leader Hamilton that enabled assumption to pass

Report of Manufactures

written by Alexander Hamilton, suggested protective tariffs

protective tariffs

taxes on imported manufactured goods designed to encourage manufacturing in the United States

Bank of the U.S.

established to give more value to American money

Whiskey Rebellion

an armed rebellion in Pennsylvania protesting the whiskey tax, suppressed by soldiers lead by President George Washington

Federalists

politicians who pursued more power for the federal government, lead by Alexander Hamilton and John Jay

Democratic Republicans

politicians who pursued more power for the states and individuals, lead by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

French Alliance

the alliance between the U.S. and France that began when France agreed to support the U.S. during the Revolutionary War

Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793

a declaration by President George Washington, stating the that U.S. would not take sides in the European conflict between the British and the French

Citizen Genet

a French Ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution, urged Americans to seize British ships, urged Americans to have Republican parties

Gen. Anthony Wayne

a very influential general during the American Revolution, led troops at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Battle of Fallen Timbers

final battle of the Northwest Indian War, U.S. achieved a decisive victory over a large Native American confederation

Treaty of Greenville

negotiated by General Wayne, put an end to the Northwest Indian war, the United States gained territory in the Ohio River Valley including parts of modern-day Ohio and Chicago in exchange for goods

impressment

the British decision to force men who were captured and suspected to be British to serve in the Royal Navy

Jay's Treaty

a treaty between the U.S. and Britain, negotiated by John Jay, avoided conflict with Britain allowed for freer trade between Britain and the U.S.

Pinckney's Treaty

identified the boundaries of the U.S. in relation to the Spanish colonies, guaranteed the U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi

Washington's Farewell Address

an address stating that President George Washington would not run for a third term in office

Election of 1796

John Adams was elected president by a narrow margin, runner-up and vice president was Thomas Jefferson

John Adams

the 2nd president of the U.S., a Federalist, served 1796-1800

XYZ Affair

three French agents demanded payment to continue peace with the U.S., resulted in the Quasi-War with France during which the U.S. built up the Navy

U.S. Navy and Marine Corps

established by Congress in 1794 to protect American merchant ships

Alien and Sedition Act

four bills passed in 1798 designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

political statements in favor of states' rights and strict construction, written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Judiciary Act of 1801

a last act of the Adams administration, never went completely into effect, reduced the number of Supreme Court justices from 6 to 5, reorganized and extended the circuit courts, created lifetime positions as judges for Federalists, an attempt to keep the judiciary in Federalist hands even though the Democratic Republicans had taken hold of the executive and the legislative

Midnight Judges

those judges that were appointed to fill the spots created by the Judiciary Act of 1801, who according to legend were appointed at midnight the night before Thomas Jefferson's inauguration

John Marshall

one of the late appointments of President Adams and the lame duck Congress after the Federalists were roundly defeated in the election of 1800, followed loose construction interpretation of the Constitution as Supreme Court Chief Justice

Matthew Lyon

served as a United States Representative from Vermont and from Kentucky, arrested under the Sedition Acts, broke the tie in the election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson

the 3rd president of the U.S., author of The Declaration of Independence, leader of the Democratic Republicans

strict construction

an interpretation of the Constitution that is more literal and doesn't support implied powers

implied powers

powers not delegated to the federal government, but implied or interpreted to be necessary functions

loose construction

an interpretation of the Constitution that allows for more implied powers

Election (Revolution) of 1800

the end of the Federalist Era, Thomas Jefferson was elected the 3rd President of the United States after a narrow race with Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr

a candidate for President in 1800, planned to be elected Vice President, narrowly lost the election to Thomas Jefferson, involved in a duel with Alexander Hamilton in which Hamilton was killed, fled to the West, the first man tried for treason

12th Amendment

requires specification for the positions of President and Vice President

Pell-mell

the new way of doing things in the White House, Jefferson was more casual

Naturalization Act of 1802

required all aliens who entered the U.S. to be recorded, reaffirmed that state and territorial courts could naturalize individuals, residency requirement

Repeal of Whiskey tax

the hated whiskey tax that had sparked the Whiskey Rebellion under President Washington is repealed under President Jefferson, repealed in 1803

John Pickering

a New Hampshire judge, first federal official to be removed from office as a result of impeachment on charges of drunkenness and unlawful rulings, removed in 1803

Samuel Chase

Supreme Court associate justice appointed by President Washington, impeached in late 1804 for allowing his Federalist Party interests to interfere with his rulings but acquitted

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

established the basis for the exercise of judicial review, determined that it is unconstitutional for the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus

Louisiana Purchase

the purchase by the U.S. under President Jefferson of the Louisiana Territory which is most of the modern Midwest, price of approximately $0.03 per acre, 1803

Judicial Review

the power of the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the federal government (laws, treaties, etc.), the courts may oversee and nullify the actions of another branch of government

Toussaint L'Overture

born into slavery but lead the Haitian people in a successful revolution against France, ended in 1804

Burr Conspiracy

Burr accused of trying to get parts of the West to secede from the union, tried in 1807 and acquitted because the prosecution didn't have 2 witnesses

Continental System

Napoleon's large scale embargo with British trade, a sort of economic warfare since his defeat at Trafalgar made an invasion of Britain impossible

Berlin & Milan Decrees

the fist declared a "paper blockade" of all British commerce in 1806, the second declared that all vessels adhering to British rules could be seized by France in 1807

Orders in Council

the British response to the Berlin Decree, all vessels going to the continent had to stop and be searched, forbade trade with France or her allies, in 1807

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

when the U.S. warship Chesapeake refused to be searched, the British Leopard opened fire and men were taken from the Chesapeake, in 1807

Embargo Act of 1807

President Thomas Jefferson's response to the commerce crisis in Europe, prohibited all exports to Europe as well as British and French ports in the Americas, designed to make France and Britain respect U.S. shipping but an absolute economic catastrophe

The Prophet

Tecumseh's brother, claimed he was able to visit the spiritual world

Tecumseh

leader of a confederation of Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley, greatly feared by settlers, defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle of Tippecanoe

General William Henry Harrison defeated the Native American confederation under Tecumseh, fought in 1811

William Henry Harrison

the leader of U.S. forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

U.S. forces and some allied Native Americans again defeated Tecumseh and part of the Creek people, the treaty afterward shows increasing disrespect for native peoples and their homeland, fought in 1814

Non-Intercourse Act of 1808

President James Madison's response to the commerce crisis in Europe, reopened trade with Europe excluding Britain and France, could be revoked when a nation expressed its intent to revoke its restrictions

Macon's Bill No. 2

another attempt to respond to the commerce crisis in Europe, removed restrictions on commerce, but stated that if either Britain or France agreed to recognize the rights of U.S. shipping the U.S. would cease trade with the other

War Hawks

young Republicans who saw the War of 1812 as a chance to prove themselves, John C. Calhoun (SC) and Henry Clay (KY)

Dolley Madison

the wife of President James Madison

War of 1812

a conflict between the U.S. and Britain, sometimes considered the "second war of independence"

Oliver Hazard Perry

commander of U.S. naval forces on Lake Erie, won critical victories in Lake Erie that protected the entire Ohio River Valley

Invasion of Canada

the attempts were misguided and ultimately unsuccessful

Burning of Washington

the British captured Washington D.C. in August 1814, the capitol's public buildings were largely destroyed

Star Spangled Banner

a poem written by Francis Scott Key as he watched the Battle of Ft. Henry from a British ship while arranging the exchange of prisoners of war

Battle of New Orleans

one of the only decisive victories won by the U.S. in the War of 1812, ironically took place after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed

Hartford Convention

a group of remaining Federalists in New England contemplated secession from the union, but were overwhelmingly rejected after the U.S. victory in the Battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson

the leader of U.S. troops at the Battle of New Orleans, his strategy is largely credited with the victory

Treaty of Ghent

the peace treaty ending the War of 1812, reestablished the status quo antebellum

Era of Good Feeling

a period of flourishing American nationalism and minimal partisanship

Noah Webster

the author of the first American Dictionary of the English Language

James Fenimore Cooper

the author of "the Leatherstocking Tales," wrote about Natty Bumpo and other frontiersmen as "true Americans," first set published in 1823

Natty Bumpo

the hero of "the Leatherstocking Tales," wore buckskin

Washington Irving

the author of "the Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle," literary romanticism, published works began to appear in 1819

Hudson River School

an American art movement, a group of landscape painters influenced by romanticism, paintings depict the Hudson River Valley, begun by Thomas Cole in 1825

Second Bank of the United States

chartered in 1816 five years after the first lost its charter, interestingly chartered by many of the same congressmen who had refused to renew the first bank's charter, necessary as without it there was no one national currency or way to pay off the war debt

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House of Representatives, Senator, and Secretary of State from Kentucky, creator of the American System, candidate for president, author of the Missouri Compromise

American System

Henry Clay's plan to "bind the republic together" by making the regions economically interdependent, New England was commercial and manufacturing center, South was marketable stable crops, West was food production, consisted of "a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture," presented

National (Cumberland) Road

one of the first major improved highways built by the U.S., went from Maryland to Illinois, construction began in 1811

Tariff of 1816

the first protective tariff, 10 to 15% on cotton and wool and iron

Rush-Bagot Agreement

the U.S.-Canada border is demilitarized along Great Lakes

Convention of 1818

secured some U.S. fishing rights, settled borders in the northwest, allowed for joint occupation of the Oregon Territory

Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) Treaty

the U.S. purchases Florida from the Spanish, settles the Southern boundary of Louisiana

patents and copyrights

Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 gives the federal government the ability to grant, protects individual inventions, encourages investors and competition

canal era: Erie Canal

the 1920's and 1930's are the era of canal building, the Erie Canal in New York was the largest

Lowell system

the use of domestic labor in factories, the labor was initially mill girls, young unmarried women who came to live in dormitories with chaperones, wages were sent home to families, eventually replaced by immigrants from Ireland (Potato Famine) and Germany (Revolution of 1848)

Eli Whitney

the inventor of the cotton gin, by the time of the Civil War 2/3 of U.S. exports were cotton, the inventor of a system of interchangeable parts

Samuel Slater

built the first iron mill in the U.S. from a plan he memorized in Great Britain

Oliver Evans

built a high pressure steam engine, worked with methods of mass production