Kidney Anatomy and Physiology: Nephrons, Blood Flow, and Filtration

1. Ammonia and urea are nitrogenous wastes produced by the catabolism of

→ Proteins

2. The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney is the

→ Fibrous capsule

3. A renal __________ consists of renal medulla and renal cortex

→ Lobe

4. Each renal papilla discharges urine into a

→ Minor calyx

5. Two or three __________ combine to form the renal pelvis

→ Major calyxes

6. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the

→ Nephron

7. The urinary bladder is lined with

→ Transitional epithelium

8. Removal of water and useful solutes from filtrate in the PCT is called

→ Reabsorption

9. Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli is present in

→ Proximal convoluted tubule

10. Hormone that causes aquaporins in collecting ducts

→ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

11. As it enters the renal sinus, the renal artery branches into

→ Segmental arteries

12. Interlobar arteries give rise to

→ Arcuate arteries

13. Correct nephron blood flow order

→ Afferent arteriole → glomerular capillaries → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries → venules

14. Cells forming visceral layer of glomerular capsule

→ Podocytes

15. Correct urine flow (male)

→ Renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → prostatic urethra → membranous urethra → spongy urethra

16. Structure delivering urine to minor calyx

→ Papillary duct

17. Smooth muscle in bladder wall

→ Detrusor muscle

18. Part of nephron active in salt transport and many mitochondria

→ Thick segment of nephron loop

19. Force driving glomerular filtration

→ Hydrostatic pressure of the blood

20. Cells monitoring sodium concentration

→ Macula densa cells

21. Filtration membrane consists of

→ Fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, filtration slits

22. False statement about filtration

→ It is a selective process

23. Fluid in renal tubule after modification

→ Tubular fluid

24. Once in collecting duct, the fluid is called

→ Urine

25. DCT adds wastes by

→ Secretion

26. Uric acid is produced by catabolism of

→ Nucleic acids

27. Structure anchoring kidney to abdominal wall

→ Renal fascia

28. Extensions of cortex between pyramids

→ Renal columns

29. Two or three __________ combine to form a major calyx

→ Minor calyxes

30. Two or three __________ combine to form the renal pelvis

→ Major calyxes

31. Each arcuate artery gives rise to

→ Interlobular (cortical radiate) arteries

32. There is no __________ in human kidneys

→ Segmental vein

33. Afferent arterioles arise from cortical radiate arteries and lead to

→ Glomerulus

34. A renal corpuscle consists of

→ Glomerulus and glomerular capsule

35. Correct flow of filtrate through nephron

→ Glomerular capsule → PCT → nephron loop → DCT → collecting duct → papillary duct

36. Structure receiving fluid from several nephrons

→ Collecting duct

37. Function of nephron loop

→ Generate salinity gradient for urine concentration

38. Cells with baroreceptors monitoring blood pressure

→ Juxtaglomerular cells

39. Cells containing renin granules

→ Juxtaglomerular cells

40. Substance that cannot pass through filtration membrane

→ Proteins