Kingdom Animalia- Deuterostomes

Radial, Indeterminate

Deuterostomes have _____________ and ______________ cleavage

Enterocoelous

Deuterostomes have ______________ coelom formation

Chordata, Echinodermata

The two deuterostome phyla are... (alphabetical order)

Echinodermata

Phylum in which organisms...

-are all aquatic

-mostly motile as adults

-Radially symmetrical as adults

-Triploblastic

-Coelomates

-Lack segmentation

-Have some reduced or non-existent organ systems

-Possess spines of calcium carbonate

astronauts open echo chamber hotdogs

Echinodermata mnemonic

bilaterally

Echinoderms are radially symmetrical as adults, but may be _____________ as larvae.

Water vascular system

A series of canals and sacs through which water flows and accomplishes a number of different functions in echinoderms

Calcium Carbonate

The water vascular system is protected by an exoskeleton of ____________ ____________ which also provides an internal skeleton

Echinodermata

Phylum ______________ contains sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumber.

movement, food, gas, ammonia

The functions of the water vascular system allow for:

-The ______________ of the animal via tube feet

-The animal to handle its _____________

- _________ exchange

-The excretion of ____________

Madreporite

The opening of the water vascular system, also known as a sieve plate

Ring canal

Part of the water vascular system that is a canal running in the center of the body

Radial canals

Part of the water vascular system that consists of canals running through each arm

Ampullae

Part of the water vascular system that are sacs along the radial canals that collect water and activate the tube feet

Tube feet

Part of the water vascular system that are sucker-like extensions below the arms used for movement and handling prey.

ring nerve, radial nerves

Echinoderms have a nervous system consisting of a _________ _________ in the center and __________ __________ in each arm.

Gonads

Sexually mature echinoderms have ___________ running along the inside of each arm

Complete digestive tract

Echinoderms have a _____________ ____________ ____________ consisting of a mouth, two chambered stomach, digestive glands, an intestine, and an anus

arms, spines, tube feet

Echinoderms are sorted into classes based on presence, number, and appearance of ___________; presence of _____________; and the location of the _____________ _____________.

Asteroidea

Echinoderm class in which organisms:

-have 5 or more arms, in multiples of 5

-arms are thick and blunt

-Posses spines

-have tube feet located below each arm

Sea stars

Class Asteroidea consists of...

Ophiuroidea

Echinoderm class in which organisms:

-have 5 or more arms present

-have slender and serpentine arms that may branch

-possess spines

-have tube feet located below each arm

Basket stars, brittle stars

Class Ophiuroidea consists of what two types of animal?

serpentine

"Ophiu" typically means...

Echinoidea

Echinoderm class in which organisms:

-Have no arms

-have long, numerous spines

-have a round or disk shaped body with tube feet below

Sand dollars, sea urchins

Class Echinoidea consists of what two types of animal?

Crinoidea

Echinoderm class in which organisms:

-Have long, tentacle-like arms

-Have tube feet located on arms for food trapping

-Are sessile as adults

Feather stars, sea lillies

Class Crinoidea consists of what two types of animals?

Holothuroidea

Echinoderm class in which organisms:

-have no arms

-have no spines

-tube feet appear in rows along body

-body is sac-like or cucumber shaped

Sea cucumbers

Class Holothuroidea consists of...

Chordata

Phylum in which organisms:

-are all bilaterally symmetrical

-triploblastic

-coelomate

-deuterostomes

-some are vertebrates

-have four major characteristics present at some point during lifespan

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord, Notocord, Pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail

What are the 4 main chordate characteristics that must be present at some point during a chordate's lifespan? (alphabetical order)

Notochord

A stiff rod that runs dorsally through a chordate's body

cranium, vertebrae

In vertebrates, the notochord becomes the ______________ and _____________.

Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord

In chordates, the hollow tube of nervous tissue parallel to the notochord

Brain, spinal cord

The dorsal hollow nerve cord becomes the __________ and __________ ________.

Pharyngeal gill slits

Slits near a chordate's head that allow for respiration and filter feeding.

aquatic, terrestrial

Typically, the Pharyngeal gill slits are retained in ____________ species and degenerated in ____________ species.

Post-anal tail

A muscular tail positioned behind the anus in chordates that is retained in some species but degenerates in others.

Cephalochordata, Urochordata

What are the two subphyla of invertebrate chrodates? (alphabetical order)

Urochordata

Chordate subphylum in which organisms:

-are sessile as adults, bodies appearing like gelatinous sacs

-filter feeders

-larval stage has all 4 chordate features, but adult only has 1

Sea grapes, Sea squirts, tunicates

Subphylum Urochordata contains what 3 kinds of animals? (alphabetical order)

Pharangeal gill slits

What chordate feature do members of subphylum Urochordata retain throughout their lifespan?

Cephalochordata

Chordate subphylum in which organisms:

-are sand burrowers

-are motile as adults

-juvinilles are smaller yet identical to adults

-retain all 4 chordate features throughout life

Lancelets

Subphylum Cephalochordata contains...

Crainiates

Chordates with a cranium are known as...

Myxini

The first group of crainiates is class...

ectoderm

The ______________ germ layer allowed for the formation of the neural tube in craniates

Neural tube

Structure that holds the spinal cord and brain that is representative of craniates

cranium

A ___________ develops from the neural tube to protect the brain; it is made of either cartilage or bone

Myxini

Chordate Class in which organisms:

-lack jaws and vertebrae

-have small, underdeveloped brain, eyes, ears, and nasal openings

-first chordates to possess a crainium of cartilage

-covered by slime glands

-are scavengers

Hagfish

Chordate class Myxini contains....

Vertebrata

Chordate subphylum in which:

-The notochord becomes the vertebral column composed of vertebrae, which are made of cartilage or bone

Agnatha

Chordate class in which:

-First vertebrates

-have incomplete vertebrae

-lack a mandible and paired fins

-possess sucker-like mouth lined with teeth

-ectoparasites

cartilage

Organisms in class Agnatha have a skeleton and reduced cranium made of...

two

Organisms in class Agnatha have a ______ chambered heart

Lamprey

Chordate class Agnatha contains...

jaw

What does "gnath" mean?

Gnathostomes

Vertebrates that possess a mandible

Lateral line system

A linear arrangement of specialized nerve cells along the sides of some fish designed to detect vibrations in the water. Evolved simultaneously with madibles

Chondrichthyes

Chordate class in which:

-first vertebrates to possess a mandible and lateral line system

-possess a completely cartilaginous skeleton

-possess nostrils

-possess a highly muscular tail

-possess a cloaca

-possess a stream-lined body to reduce friction in the water

-First gnathostomes

thoracic, pelvic

All Chondrichthyes possess paired ___________ (pectoral) and ___________ appendages in the form of fins.

Placoid scales

The bodies of Chondrichthyes are covered by scales containing cartilage known as...

gill slits

The ________ ________ of Chondrichthyes are exposed and do not have a covering

two

Chondrichthyes have a _______ chambered heart

Chimaeras, rays, sharks, skates

Class Chondrichthyes contains what 4 types of animal?

cartilage

What does "chondr" mean?

fish

What does "ichthy" mean?

Osteichthyans

Vertebrates that have a bony skeleton

cartilage

Osteichthyans will still have some _____________, but it is reserved for areas which need greater flexibility, like joints.

Osteichthyes

Chordate class in which:

-largest vertebrate class by number of species

-possess a lateral line

-possess bony scales with bony spines

-have a two chambered heart

Bony fish

Class Osteichthyes contains...

Operculum

Bony fish possess an ______________ over each set of gill slits that protects them.

Swim bladder

A gas filled chamber for buoyancy in bony fish

Ray-finned fish

Fishes with no bones in their fins are known as...

Lobe-finned fish

Fishes that possess bones in their fins

Tetrapods

Vertebrates that evolved legs for a terrestrial existence, signifying a move to land

Amphibia

Chordate Class in which:

-first tetrapod vertebrates

-live on land but rely on water

-frogs, toads, newts, salamanders

Legs, lungs, three-chambered heart

3 adaptations to land by amphibians are... (alphabetical order)

moist skin, eggs, larval stage

Amphibians still rely on water because they have _______ _______ and produce aquatic ________ and ________ ________

Amniotes

Vertebrates that are capable of a complete terrestrial existance

Amniotic egg

A shelled(usually), fluid filled egg housing the embryo

Chorion, Allantois, Amnion, Yolk sac

The four extra-embryonic membranes of an amniotic egg are... (alphabetical order)

Amnion

Extra-embryonic membrane for protection, surrounding the embryo and amniotic fluid

Allantois

Extra-embryonic membrane that is a repository sac for storage of waste of an embryo

Yolk sac

Extra-embryonic membrane which is a sac that supplies nourishment to an embryo

Chorion

Extra-embryonic membrane that regulates an embryo's gas exchange and surrounds all of the other membranes