pathophysiology

pathophysiology

study of functional changes occurring within organism due to disease

symptom

general feeling eg. hot

sign

measurable eg. temp above 38.9

acute

severe and sudden in onset

chronic

develop gradually, persistent

what comes first diagnosis or prognosis ?

diagnosis

patients are always first diagnosed with…

syndrome not disease

diagnosis vs prognosis

detection/discovery vs prediction of whats to come

aetiological phase

cause - social and enviromental factors

4 stages of disease prevention

primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary

primordial prevention

alter societal structures and thus underlying determinants

eg. new hospitals

primary prevention

alter exposure that leads to disease

direct action - isolation of pts

secondary prevention

treat at earlier stage

early detection

eg. prophylactic antibiotcs

prophylactic antibiotics

given as a precaution to prevent, rather than treat

tertiary prevention

post-clinical, prevent relapse and further progression

idiopathic

disease arises spontaneously, no known cause

iatrogenic

illness caused by medical treatment

nosocomal

originated in hospital

risk factors…

increase likelihood of disease

pathogenesis

development or evolution of disease

co-morbidity

medical conditions that coexist alongside a primary diagnosis

give 2 examples diseases that can become systemic

pneumonia or UTI

what is pneumonia ?

inflammation of alveoli and bronchioles

impaired gas exchange

hypoxaemia

low oxygen levels in blood

viral pneumonia is treated with..

steroids, anti-virals, pure oxygen

UTIs can lead to…

chronic kidney disease

renal failure

heart failure - hypertension and increased vascular volume due to ion imbalance in kidneys

irreversible cell injury leads to…

necrosis or apoptosis

6 causes of cell stress / damage

physical, metabolic, chemical, microbial, immunologic, genetic factors

what causes hypoxic ischemic brain injury ?

brain deprived of oxygen and blood flow

hypoxia and ischemia

hypoxic ischemic events can lead to…

demyelination of axons

endothelial degradation

lactic acidosis

mitochondrial atrophy

excess clotting

how do neutrophils cause cell damage ?

neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

release of proteases and ROS

pyroptosis

how does aristolochic acid cause cell damage ?

causes cell cycle arrest in kidneys via microRNAs or ROS

metabolites of AA directly cause mutations of tumour suppressor genes

pyroptosis

inflammatory form of programmed cell death

results in cell lysis and release of inflammatory cytokines

pyroptosis is mediated by

gasdermin

hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

hypertrophy

increased size of individual cells

atrophy

decrease in size of organ due to decrease in cell size or number

metaplasia

cell type is replaced by another cell type