Counselling Psych 1 Test

what makes a good theory?

o   Must be clear

§  in counselling you must get the client on board with the theory, so your theory must be able to be grasped by the client

o   Must be comprehensive

§  must explain the development of human personality over time, what goes wrong and why they experience problems

o   Must be explicit

o   Being specific in the means of desired outcomes

§  In all theories you must be able to describe, explain predict and control your theory

o   Useful

§  Useful to the intended practitioner

4 principles you need in therapy

• fostering hope and positive expectations

• facilitating the therapy relationship

• increasing awareness and insight

• encourage corrective experiences or new behaviours

what are Roger’s facilitative conditions for therapeutic relationship

• therapist is congruent or genuine

• therapist relates using (unconditional) positive regard 

• therapist expresses accurate empathy 

what are some awareness or insight therapies

psychoanalytic, existential, experiential and person-centred 

what are some action or behavioural therapies

cognitive, exposure, behavioural, systematic

what are the processes of change for awareness or insight therapies

• consciousness raising (feed back and education)

• catharsis (corrective emotional experiences and dramatic relief)

• Choosing (self-liberation and social-liberation)

what are the processes of change for action or behavioural therapies

• conditional stimuli (counterconditioning and stimulus control)

• contingency control (reevaluation and contingency management)

what is feedback and what level of change process does it belong to

• info given to client about their own actions or behaviours 

• belongs to consciousness raising 

what is education and what level of change process does it belong to

• info given to client about their biological or environmental events 

• belong to consciousness raising 

what is corrective emotional experiences and what level of change process does it belong to

• when patient reexperiences a past, unsettled conflict or trauma in a newer, healthier way 

• belongs to catharsis 

what is dramatic relief and what level of change process does it belong to

• patients can express pent up emotions through observing emotional events in their environment

• belongs to catharsis 

what is self-liberation and what level of change process does it belong to

• becoming aware of new alternatives, as well as intentionally creating new alternatives for living 

• belongs to choosing

what is social liberation and what level of change process does it belong to

• when changes in the environment present new alternatives to the person such as jobs for marginalized groups

• belongs to choosing

what is counterconditioning and what level of change process does it belong to

• change your behaviour to the conditioned stimulus by doing the healthy opposite (learning relaxation instead of anxiety) 

• belongs to conditional stimuli 

what is stimulus control and what level of change process does it belong to

• restructuring environment so that you reduce the likelihood of the conditioned stimulus occurring (driving instead of flying) 

• belongs to conditional stimuli 

what is reevaluation and what level of change process does it belong to

• changing modifying internal responses to external consequence without changing the consequence 

• belongs to contingency control 

what is contingency management and what level of change process does it belong to

• change your behaviour by changing your environment (healthy and desirable behaviours are met with rewards) 

• belongs to contingency control

who is responsible for psychoanalysis

Freud

who is responsible for psychoanalytic psychotherapy

Alexander and French

who is responsible for individual therapy

adler

who is responsible for objects relations therapy

kernberg

who is responsible for self-psychology

kohut

who is responsible for metallization-based treatment

Fongay and Bateman

in psychoanalysis, what process do they use

feedback: confrontation, clarification and working through

education: interpretation

in psychoanalytic psychotherapy , what process do they use

catharsis: corrective emotional experiences

in relational psychoanalysis, what process do they use

consciousness raising: insight

catharsis: corrective emotional experiences

for psychodynamic therapies, what process do they use

consciousness raising: lifestyle analysis, basic mistakes, biblio therapy,54r54r feedback summary 

contingency control: catching oneself, creating new healthy images,

choosing: acting as if, push-button technique

what are the 6 ways to look at Freud theory of personality

1. topographic 

2. dynamic 

3. genetic 

4. economic 

5. structural 

6. adaptive 

what is the topographic part of Freud way to look at personality

conscious vs unconscious

what is the dynamic part of Freud way to look at personality

interaction and conflict between inter psychic forces (drives that underlie personality) 

what is the genetic part of Freud way to look at personality

origin and development of psychic phenomena through psychosexual stages

what is the economic part of Freud way to look at personality

distribution, transformation and dispensing of psychological energy

what is the structural part of Freud way to look at personality

involves the units of the id, ego and super ego

what is the adaptive part of Freud way to look at personality

inborn preparedness of the individual to interact with evolving environment

what are the 5 psychosexual stages for Freud

1. oral stage

2. anal stage

3. phallic stage

4. latency stage

5. genital stage

what is the oral psychosexual stage 

• birth - 18 months

• wants, needs, sexual gratification at the oral region

what is the anal psychosexual stage 

• 18 months - 3 years 

• sexual gratification from the anus 

what is the phallic stage of psychosexual stage 

• 3 - 6 years

• sexual gratification focused on the genitals

• conflict over object of sexual arousal (opposite sex parents) 

• oedipal complex 

what is latency the psychosexual stage 

• 6 years to puberty

• pregenital desires are repressed 

• ego starts to develop and starts to learn the social rules of being a citizen 

what is the genital psychosexual stage 

• libido reemerges

• adolescent finds appropriate objects for sex (love) and aggression (work) 

what is the anal personality

• over controlling parents: stinginess, constrictedness, stubborn (holding on tendencies) 

• overindulgent parents: wasteful, explosiveness submissive 

• defense mechanisms:   reaction formation (expressing the exact opposite of what the conflict is denying), undoing (atoning for unacceptable desires), and intellectualization (cutting off all emotion) 

what is the oral personality

too depriving parents: pessimism, self-belittlement, passivity—ones needs won’t be met 

too indulging: optimistic, gullible, cocky, manipulative 

defense mechanisms: denial, projection, incorperation 

what is the phallic personality

·      Over rejection: poor self-image

·      Overindulgent: feelings of superiority

·      Defense mechanisms: repression—becoming unaware of sexual fantasies of opposite-sex parent

what are the 3 interrelated components of the therapeutic relationship in psychoanalysis

1. working alliance: based on relatively non-neurotic, rational, realistic attitudes of the patient toward the analyst. allows trust and cooperation

2. transference: patients neurotic, unrealistic, and antiquated feelings toward the analyst—prior feelings and defences placed onto to analyst—allows healing and analyzation

3. counter transference: analysts must guard against making clients to object of gratification of their own infantile impulses 

what are the cognitive-behaioral criticisms of psychoanalysis

• death of controlled research, too subjective and unscientific

• absence of controlled experiments designed to evaluate the effectiveness

what are the existential criticisms of psychoanalysis

• too theoretically objective, dehumanizing and deterministic 

• too abstract from peoples real life experiences 

• conceives humans as objects, mere bundles of instinctual and defensive energy 

what are the cultural criticisms of psychoanalysis

• neglects social context, too focused on intrapsychic, sexist and male-centred biases

what are the integrative criticisms of psychoanalysis

• outdated, inflexible, ineffective

what are the 4 selfish goals for attaining superiority in psychodynamic therapies

1. attention seeking '

2. power seeking 

3. revenge taking 

4. declaring deficiency or defeat 

what are the alternatives to conventional psychodynamic therapy

• ego psychology

• object relations 

• self psychology 

• supportive therapy 

• brief psychodynamic therapy 

• mentalization based treatment 

what are the stages of development in object relations 

1.    Normal autism (first few months of life)

·      Failure of attachment to objects and a failure of mental organization due to lack of self-image

2. Attachment

3.    Normal symbiosis (lasts 2-7 months)

·      Confusion between what is object and what is self because neither are independent of each other

4. Differentiation

·      differentiation period, during which the child practices separating and individuating from significant others

5. Symbiotic psychosis

·      A failure to differentiate between separating and individuating from significant others

6. Integration stage

·      Child begins to integrate the good and the bad self-images into a single, ambivalently self

7. Splitting

·      Identity—figuring out who they are (levels of organization and difficulties with tolerating separateness)—a defensive attempt to deal with being overwhelmed by more powerful parents

8. Someone is either a good person or a bad person, they cannot be both in this stage—good mom doesn’t exist when she is bad

9. Introjection

·      Incorporation of objects into the mind. This tends to occur during symbiotic psychosis—mother becomes less threatening if mother and child are one.

what are the psychoanalytic criticisms of psychodynamic therapies

• reject half of the personality, naive, too much focus on the positive

• ego over id, consciousness over unconscious, social strivings over self drives

what are the cognitive-behavioural criticisms of psychodynamic therapies

• certain concepts untestable, has questionable theories

• o   Concepts such as stiving for superiority and the creative self are vague and unamenable to scientific investigation

what are the cultural criticisms of psychodynamic therapies

·      Sexist, ignores social factors, too individualistic

what are the integrative criticisms of psychodynamic therapies

·      Lack of evidence/systemization, individuals have to subject own needs

what are the 3 levels of our world in existential therapies

1. umwelt: being-in-nature— us in relation to bio/physical aspects of our world 

2. Mitwelt: being-with-others—world of persons; the social worlds

3. eigenwelt: being-for-oneself— how we reflect, evaluate and experience ourselves

what are the therapeutic processes of existential therapies

• consciousness raising 

  • Authenticity: increasing consciousness makes people become aware of the world/themselves they have closed off due to lying

  • free experiencing: patients freely express whatever they’re experiencing (be whatever you want) they become conscious of repetitive patterns

  • phenomenological world: perception, meaning and observation of their experience

  • existential confrontation: therapist reveals their own experience with the patient—empathetic and honest feedback 

• choosing

  • kairos: critical points for deciding to change fundamental aspects of existence 

  • help individuals see themselves as capable of directing their lives through active choice 

who is responsible for psychoanalytic psychotherapy

Alexander

who is responsible for object relations therapy

kernberg

who is responsible for individual psychology

adler

who is responsible for self-psychology

kohut

who is responsible for metallization-based treatment

fongay and Bateman

who is responsible for the self-development stages in object relations

Margaret Mahler

who is responsible for logo-therapy

viktor Frankl

who is responsible for reality therapy

William glasner

who is responsible for existential-humanistic

James bugental

who is responsible for ego psychology 

erik Erikson 

who is responsible for psychoanalysis 

Freud