Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes covering the circulatory and lymphatic systems, infections, and related diseases.

What is the circulatory and lymphatic system?

A network of vessels that pump and transport blood and lymph throughout the body.

What color are the blood vessels leaving the heart?

Red arteries.

What color are the blood vessels returning to the heart?

Blue veins.

What is the normal flora in the blood system?

Sterile--no normal flora.

What are the thin tissue layers of the heart?

Endocardium and pericardium.

What is the thick muscular tissue of the heart?

Myocardium.

What is the function of capillaries?

Collect waste products like CO2 and deliver oxygen.

What is the lymphatic system?

An open system that collects and returns fluid to the blood system from extremitites towards two drainage points. moves more slowly not pressurized

What cells are found in lymph nodes for antigen presentation?

Macrophages and dendritic cells for antigen presentation

What does the lymph nodes do?

Filter pathogens and foreign particle, and absorb fat.

What do lymphatic capillaries drain?

Interstitial fluid that leaks from blood capillaries into tissues.

What is the spleen's function?

An organ that filters blood and stimulates an immune response by removing pathogens.

Which valve controls blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

Mitral valve.

What does the mitral valve prevent?

Prevents backflow into the atrium.

What happens when bacteria infect the heart valve in bacterial endocarditis?

Bacteria form vegetations that can erode or perforate the valve impairing its ability to close properly

What causes ischemia?

Interrupted blood flow to a region of the body.

Which bacterium is commonly associated with gas gangrene?

Clostridium perfringens.

What characterizes gas gangrene?

Rapidly spreading myonecrosis (death of muscle tissue).

How is gas gangrene diagnosed?

Wound culture.

What bacterium causes tularemia?

Francisella tularensis.

What is another name for tularemia?

Rabbit fever.

How are humans infected with tularemia?

Ingestion of contaminated meat or handling infected animal tissue.

What bacterium causes plague?

Yersinia pestis.

What kind of infection is the plague?

Zoonotic infection.

What is the most common form of plague?

Bubonic plague.

What are buboes a symptom of?

Swollen and inflamed lymph nodes often in the groin

Which form of plague is from the bloodstream?

Septicemic plague.

What are the symptoms of septicemic plauge?

Necrotic toes and tissue death.

What animals transmit Yersinia pestis?

Rodents and fleas

What is the Slyvatic cycle?

Wild rodents and fleas that transmits it in a central circle.

When diease kills too many rodents, fleas feed on other mammals and even humans

Humans transmit to each other by airborne coughing, peuonmia like.

Which type of stain is used to identify plague?

Wright's stain.

What bacterium causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Rickettsia rickettsii.

How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever transmitted?

Bite of a hard-bodied tick.

What rash is caused by Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Petechial rash that begins on the hands and wrist.

What is a symptom of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Extreme blood clots in blood vessels.

What spirochete causes lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi.

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

Bite of a hard-bodied black legged Ixodes. Scapulairis.

What is the life cycle of Lyme disease?

2 year life cycle. In the spring tick egg hatches, and month later larvae emerage and feeds on small mouse once

Transform as nymph will feed once in the follow summer then mature into adults and feed on deer or humans in the fall

lay eggs in the spring

What is the Ixode’s tick preferred host? What about humans

Preferred deers however Humans are accidental and dead end hosts.

What does the rash characteristically look like in patients with lyme disease?

Bull's eye rash.

What causes Relapsing Fever?

Borrelia species

What causes the epidemic of louseborne relapsing fever?

B. recurrentis

What causes tickeborne relapsing fever?

B. hermsii.

What causes infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma?

Herpesvirus 4 or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).

What kind of virus is herpesvirus?

Latent period causing inittal virus then goes into inssues and emerage later and causes damage.

What fast-growing cancer can EBV lead to?

Burkitt lymphoma. if a person has had malaria and gets infected by EBV lymphoma can develop.

What kind of lymphocytes does mono cause?

Characteristic irregular shaped abnormal lymphocytes with vacuoles.

How does one contract mono?

Contact with bodily fluids.

What is a major cause of non-EBV mononucleosis?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) or HHV-5.

How is Cytomegalovirus transmitted?

Contact with bodily fluids.

What are the symptoms of cytomegalovirus?

Asymptomatic often.

In females who are pregnant, how can they infect the fetus?

Transplancental

How is cytomegalovirus diagnosed?

Histology and culture.

What does yellow fever cause?

Liver damage and jaundice.

How is yellow fever transmitted?

Bite of infected mosquitos.

Is there a treatment for yellow fever?

No effective treatment.

What causes Ebola virus disease?

Ebolavirus.

What is ebola?

Highly contagious disease by Ebolavirus.

What does ebola look like?

Filamentous with looped or hooked ends.

How is ebola transmitted?

Direct contact.

What kind of virus is HIV?

Retrovirus.

What does HIV cause?

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Which strand is most common strand of HIV?

HIV-1.

How is HIV transmitted?

Direct contact with bodily fluids.

What are the typical stages of HIV?

Acute HIV, clinical latency, and AIDS.

Which stage of HIV causes flu-like symptoms and is vry contagious?

Stage 1: acute HIV

Which stage of HIV causes a long period of dormancy?

Stage 2: clinical latency.

Which stage of HIV kills of all lymphcytes?

Stage 3: AIDs.

How does HIV work?

Infects and kills T cells.

What plasmodium causes the most lethal strand of malaria?

Plasmodium falciparum.

What kind of disease is malaria?

Disease of both mosquitos and humans.

What numbers reaches blood at some points?

Merozoites.

What is in a ring form, feeding form of the stage in malaria?

Trophozoite.

What protozoan causes Toxoplasmosis?

Toxoplasma gondii.

How can toxoplasmosis infect the fetus?

Via placenta.

What kind of oocysts shed in cat's feces that lead to malaria?

unsporulated oocysts shed in cat's feces

What kind of animal is the intermedeiates of malaria?

Small enough for cat to kill, infected after ingested.

Oocytes transform into __ after ingested.

Tachyzoties.

How do humans get infected by Toxoplasmosis?

Eating undercooked meat or handling fecal soils (cat litter).

What causes Babesiosis?

Protozoan Babesia spp.

What replicates inside cell until it ruptures in Babesiosis?

Red blood cells.

What kind of tick transmits to humans by for Babesiosis?

Ixodes tick bite

What is another name for Chagas disease?

American trypanosomiasis.

What kind of disease is Chagas Diease ?

Neglected tropical disease.

What causes Chagas Diease?

Flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi.

What kind of bug transmited by in Chagas Diease?

Triatomine bugs (kissing bug).

What transmited by Leishmaniasis?

Sandfly vectors.

What kind of Virulence factors avoid in Leishmaniasis?

Avoid destruction within phagolysosome.

How it can be destoryed in Leishmaniasis?

Inhibits the phagolysomes enzymes what would destory it.

What does macrophages lises in Leishmaniasis?

Reproduces within macrophages, lyses it and progeny infect new macrophages.

What the capillaries do with waster?

Collect waste products like CO2.

Where does bite come from for Yellow Fever?

Infected Monkeys

Without treatment what would happen in AIDs?

AIDs

What are CD4+T that most of are?

Helper T cells

What gametes that are in meiosis produces?

Gametocyotes

what fertilize macrogamtetes

Microgametes

what from microgametes and fertilize macrogamtetes

Zygotes

what happens after Zygotes forms

Mitosis

Where does parasite differentiate and enter that causes infectious

Saliva of mosquito

with out treatment in HIV stage 3 what system woulnd't work:

No adaptive system