9: Acid-Base Titrations: Analyzing Acetic Acid in Vinegar

Volumetric Analysis

Determining composition through volume measurement.

Gravimetric Analysis

Determining composition through mass measurement.

Acid-Base Titration

Volumetric analysis to determine acid concentration.

Analyte

Substance being analyzed in a titration.

Titrant

Reagent solution delivered by a buret.

Endpoint

Point where titration reaction is complete.

Indicator

Substance that signals endpoint change.

Acetic Acid

Weak acid found in vinegar.

Sodium Hydroxide

Strong base used as titrant.

Neutralization

Reaction between acid and base producing salt.

Balanced Reaction

Chemical equation showing equal moles of reactants.

Molarity (M)

Concentration defined as moles per liter.

Millimoles

Unit equal to 10^-3 moles.

Standard Solution

Solution with accurately determined concentration.

Primary Standard

Stable, pure substance for standardization.

Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP)

Common primary standard for NaOH standardization.

Secondary Standard

Solution with known concentration after standardization.

Equivalence Point

Moles of acid equal moles of base.

Phenolphthalein

Indicator that changes color at pH transition.

Dilution

Process of reducing concentration of a solution.

Precision

Reproducibility of measurement results.

Accuracy

Closeness of measurement to true value.

Endpoint Detection

Identifying the completion of a titration.

Swirling

Mixing technique during titration to ensure homogeneity.

Titration Technique

Method to add titrant to analyte carefully.

Color Change

Visual cue indicating endpoint of titration.

Distilled Water

Purified water used for rinsing in titration.

Hot Pink Endpoint

Indicates excess base has been added.

Carbon Dioxide Reaction

CO₂ dissolves in water forming carbonic acid.

Carbonic Acid

Product of CO₂ dissolving in water.

Buret

Instrument for precise liquid dispensing.

Stoichiometry

Calculation of reactants/products in chemical reactions.

Molarity

Concentration measured in moles per liter.

Mass Percent

Mass of solute divided by total mass.

KHP

Potassium hydrogen phthalate, used as a standard.

Rough Titration

Initial titration to estimate endpoint quickly.

Relative Standard Deviation (RSD)

Standard deviation as a percentage of mean.

Vinegar

Dilute acetic acid solution used in cooking.

Volume Measurement

Determining liquid volume using calibrated equipment.

Safety Precaution

Guidelines to prevent accidents in the lab.

Titration Trials

Multiple titrations to ensure reliable results.

Waste Disposal

Proper disposal of chemical waste in lab.

Density of Vinegar

1.005 g/mL, used for concentration calculations.

Molarity of Acetic Acid

Concentration of acetic acid in vinegar solution.

Volume of NaOH

Measured amount used in titration calculations.

Titration Data

Results obtained from titration experiments.

Concentration Calculation

Determining concentration from titration results.

Stock Solution

Concentrated solution used to prepare diluted solutions.

Erlenmeyer Flask

Conical flask used for mixing solutions.