Animal Anatomy and Physiology 1 Quiz 1 Terms PT. 1

Anatomy

What things look like and where they are.

Physiology

How things work and what they do.

Thoracic Cavity

Space within the chest, above the diaphragm. Encloses the lungs, heart, and mediastinum.

Dorsal Cavity

Contains the organs of the central nervous system- the brain and the spinal cord.

Ventral Cavity

The large body cavity located on the front (ventral) side of the body that houses major internal organs, including the thoracic cavity (heart and lungs), as well as the abdominal cavity.

pleura

Thin membrane surrounding lungs and thoracic cavity.

Visceral Pleura

The inner layer of the pleura that directly covers the surface of the lungs.

Pleural Cavity

The thin space between the visceral and parietal pleura, filled with fluid to reduce friction as the lungs expand and contract.

Parietal Pleura

The outer layer of the pleura that directly covers the surface of the lungs, chest wall, and diaphragm.

Fibrous Pericardium

The tough outer covering of the heart that protects it and holds it in place within the chest.

Serous Pericardium

The thin, inner layer of the pericardium that surrounds the heart and produces fluid to reduce friction as the heart beats

Main Body Systems

Skeletal, Integumentary(skin), Nervous, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Muscular, Endocrine(glands/hormones), Reproductive

Level of organization

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal

Epithelial Tissue

Covers the body surface, skin, lining of intestines, glands, etc.

Connective Tissue

Holds the body together and gives it support; fat, cartilage, bone, blood

Muscle Tissue

Moves the body inside and out; cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle.

Nervous Tissue

Transmits info around the body and controls body functions.

Sagittal Plane

Runs through the length of the body dividing left and right, not always equal.

Median Plane

An equal sagittal plane

Transverse plane

Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts, not always equal

Dorsal Plane

Horizontally divides the body into upper and lower parts. Think of a dog standing in water.

Cranial

Toward the head

Caudal

Toward the tail

Rostral

On the head only, towards the nose

Dorsal

Toward the back

Ventral

Toward the belly

Medial

Toward the median plane

Lateral

Away from the median plane

Deep

(internal) toward the center of the body

Superficial

(external) toward the surface of the whole body or a part.

Proximal

Toward the body

Distal

Away from the body

Mediastinum

Space in the thoracic cavity containing the heart and lungs.

Abdominal Cavity

Space within the body containing digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. Separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.

Peritoneum

Thin serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs.

Atomic Number

Total number of protons in an element

Atomic Weight

Total number of protons and neutrons in an element.

Atom

Smallest unit of an element

Molecule

Smallest unit of a compound to display properties of a compound.

Covalent Bonds

When atoms SHARE electrons

Ionic bonds

When electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another

Hydrogen bonds

WEAK ionic bond, ex: one H20 molecule hydrogen bonded to another H20 molecule

Cation

POSITIVE ion

Anion

NEGATIVE ion

Synthesis reaction

Reaction where simple molecules are joined together into larger molecules. W + Y = WY

Decomposition reaction

reaction where a single compound breaks down into 2 or more simpler substances(products) WY = W + Y

Exchange reaction

reaction where 2 compounds swap parts (usually ions) to form 2 new compounds. WX + YZ = WY + XZ

Catalyst

Accelerates a chemical reaction by holding reactants in close proximity to each other, allowing them to react. Not permanently altered or destroyed after reactions. Normally called "enzymes"

Inorganic Compounds

Normally ionic bonds which do NOT contain hydrogen and carbon bonds. EX: water, salt, acids, and bases.

Organic Compounds

Normally covalent bonds which contain hydrogen and carbon bonds. EX: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Hydrophobic

Water hating

Water

1 oxygen atom covalently bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms (H2O). UNIVERSAL SOLVENT.

Salts

Mineral compounds with ionic bonds. Principle form of minerals that enter and are stored in the body. After ionizing in water, known as ELECTROLYTES.

Acids

When added to water, freely RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS. Known as PROTON DONORS.

Bases

Alkaline compounds which ionize when mixed with water and RELEASE A HYDROXYL ION. Known as PROTON ACCEPTOR.

pH Scale

Measures acidity and alkalinity on a scale from 1-14. 1 most acidic, 14 most basic, 7 neutral. Living animals normally slightly basic at 7.4.

Carbohydrates

Molecules used for energy, energy storage, and cellular structures. EX: table sugar, starch, cellulose. "Hydrated Carbon"

Monosaccharides

Simplest form of sugar (glucose)

Disaccharides

When 2 monosaccharides are joined together via synthesis reaction.

Polysaccharides

Combination of many monosaccharides, all joined by DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS.

Lipids

Can be used for energy; stored in fat. 4 kinds. S.T.E.P.

Eicosanoids

Molecules formed from a 20-carbon FATTY ACID chain attached to a ring structure. Help control inflammation, blood flow, and other body functions.

Steroids

Hydrophobic lipids taking the form of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings. Regulate hormones and body processes.