WHAP: Unit 5 - Industrial Revolutions (1750 - 1900)

Innovations during the Industrialization

• The Industrial Revolution greatly transformed the economy, the environment, and people’s living conditions

• The Industrial Revolution also increase production and productivity

• Include Innovations in:

  • Manufacturing

  • Mining

  • Transportation

  • Communications

• Started in Britain, then to Western Europe, and into the United States

Effects of the population growth during the Industrial Revolution

• Population growth increased the demand for goods and lowered labor costs.

  • Ex. From 1650 - 1850, Europe’s population grew from 100 million to 266 million

    • This shifted Europe’s landscape from rural to urban

Why Europe’s Population grew quickly

• Rural laborers and their families migrated to cities in Europe for higher earnings and better lives

  • This increased the political and economic influence of cities

Agriculture Revolution during the 18th century

The transformation in agriculture like:

• The introduction of new crops

  • Potatoes

  • Maize

• Introduced the enclosure movement

  • Fences were used to protect large farms

• Improvements in agriculture tools

  • Iron Plow

  • Seed Drill - Jethro Tull

    • These made farming more efficient

• Introduce crop-farming

  • Which maximized farmland & increased production 

• Livestock breeding

The Agriculture Revolution led to population boost

Two famous crops in Europe

• Potatoes

  • It yielded two or three times more calories than traditional crops

• Maize(Corn)

The Enclosure Movement

• In Great Britain, rich landowners took control of shared lands and turned them into private lands

  • This affected the poor by:

    • Further impoverishing the rural poor

      • Ex. Tenants and sharecroppers were turned into landless farm laborers(people who work the lands but don’t own it)

    • Forced many rural poor to move

      • For example, by the first decade of the nineteenth century(1800 to 1810), more than 20,000 people migrated from the British Isles to North America for a better life.

Governments roles in economic expansion

• The Government financed the improvements in transportation and promoted foreign trade

• Governments across Europe also sponsored the expansion of road networks

  • Ex. In Britain, local government formed private “turnpike trusts” that built numerous toll roads

• The Government also invested in skills and new technologies by creating royal manufacturers that produced fine silks, and carpets

The multi-volume Encyclopédie, 18th century(1751-1772)

Influenced the dissemination(spread) of useful technologies. Provided detailed diagrams of everything from printing and textile machinery to canal locks and foundry equipment

Government role in economic growth and science

• During the 18th century, French, Spanish, and British governments promoted economic growth

  • They sent expeditions around the world to collect plants that could be grown domestically or in their colonies

• They also offered prizes for scientific discoveries

  • This turned innovators and scientists into celebrities

Who took the lead in introducing new technologies during the Industrialization

• Great Britain

  • In the 18th century, inventors developed machines that could multiply the productivity of individual workers, especially in the textile industry

    • Though production increased, British industry still relied on traditional sources of energy, wind, water, and animal power

  • In the early nineteenth century(1801-1900) the development of efficient steam engines

    • This allowed British entrepreneurs to apply this source of energy to industrial machinery

Why was Britain able to lead way for the Industrial Revolution

• Had skilled mechanics and engineers

• Population growth = more demand for goods/services

• Booming economy = more money for entrepreneurs to start businesses

How European continental governments tried to catch up to Britain’s “head start“

• European continental governments tried to catch up to Britain by imitating or stealing Britain’s industrial secrets

  • They provided high salaries to skilled British workers willing to immigrate and introduce the newest technologies.

    • Ex. Belgium imitating the British industrial model, becoming the continent’s most industrialized economy by 1840

Mass Production

• The process of making many identical items and breaking the process into simple repetitive tasks

  • An example of this is in the Pottery Industry by Josiah Wedgwood, 1759

    • Came up with the division of labor.

      • This subdivided the work into simple, repetitive tasks.

        • This increased productivity and lowered the cost of manufactured goods

        • It also provided jobs to unskilled workers

Mechanization

• The use of machines to do work previously done by hand

  • Increased productivity in the Cotton Industry and reduced the production of hand-made products

• The introduction of labor-saving machinery lowered the cost of production

Inventors of Cotton Machines

• 1733, John Kay

  • English artisan

  • Made the flying shuttle

    • Increased the productivity of weavers and the demand for spun thread

• 1769, Richard Arkwright

  • Made the water frame

    • Produced strong thread without adding linen

• 1785, Samuel Crompton

  • British inventor

  • Made the mule

    • Produced a strong thread that was thin enough to be used to make a high-quality cotton cloth called muslin

• 1793, Eli Whitney

  • American

  • Made the cotton gin

    • Separated the bolls or seed pods from the fiber

      • This invention increased the dissemination(spread) of cotton farming

        • Ex. By the late 1850s, the southern states were producing a million tons of cotton a year

Skilled workers and Unskilled workers vs Machines in the cotton industry

• Skilled workers

  • They were displaced and were impoverished

• Unskilled workers

  • They were employed and benefited from lower wages

Pre-Iron Industrial Revolution vs Post-Iron Industrial Revolution

• Pre-Iron Industrial Revolution

  • Iron was high quality

  • Iron became rare

  • Increased deforestation

  • Iron making increased the difficulty of labor and the cost of its production

• Post-Iron Industrial Revolution

  • Iron was both low and high-quality

  • Iron became common

• 1709, Abraham Darby

  • Discovered coke

    • Cheap

    • Lowered the quality of iron

• 1784, Henry Cort

  • British inventor

  • Found a way to remove impurities in coke-iron by puddling

    • This made wrought iron

• The introduction of coke increased the production of iron

  • Ex. By 1790, four-fifths of Britain’s iron was made with coke, while others still used charcoal

Gaslighting

• Before Gas Lighting

  • Streets were dangerous to walk during nighttime

  • Owners couldn't keep their factories running after sunset, and lanterns and candles were dangerous and costly to use

• After Gas Lighting

  • Streets were safer to walk during nighttime

  • Factories owners were able to extend work hours

Crystal Palace

• A huge exhibition hall made entirely of iron and glass

  • It showcased Britain’s industry and power

Interchangeable parts

• Introduced by Eli Whitney and Eli Terry

  • Decreased labor cost of fitting parts together

Steam Engine

• The first machine to transform fossil fuel into mechanical energy

  • This set the Industrial Revolution apart from all previous periods of growth and innovation.

• 1702-1712, Thomas Newcomen

  • Developed the first practical steam engine

    • A device that could power pumps to clear water from mines much faster

• 1764, James Watt

  • Improved the steam engine by developing a separate condenser

    • It allowed steam to escape, leaving the cylinder always hot and the condenser always cold

• 1807, Robert Fulton

  • Made the first steamboat, North River

    • By 1830, some 300 steamboats plied(supply) the Mississippi and its tributaries

One way inventions altered the environment

• Clerkenwell Tunnel, 1863

  • The first underground railway in London

    • Permitted people to seek housing at a greater distance from their work

Railroad impact of trade, transportation and migration

• Opened up the Midwest, dispersing the waves of new immigrants

• Turned the vast prairie into farms to feed the industrial cities of the eastern United States

• Created a vast internal market for manufacturers

Connection between emerging industrial areas and railroads

Railroads accelerated the industrialization of Europe

Railroads changes in urban and rural landscapes

• Railroads promoted the development of towns and cities

• The construction of rail lines also promoted the rapid spread of market agriculture

• Railways connected urban markets and ports

  • Accelerating the rate of economic growth

    • By the end of the nineteenth century, the peoples of the world were more mobile, and their economies more linked

Average size of freight-carrying vessel increase

• Grew from an average of 200 tons in 1850 to 7,500 tons in 1900

  • As both the size of ships and the number of ships grew, coaling stations and ports able to handle large ships were built around the world.

    • Ex. Egypt’s Suez Canal, constructed in 1869, shortened the distance between Europe and Asia and triggered a massive switch from sail power to steam.

Why telegraph lines were set up along railroad tracks

• To send messages of departure and arrival of trains from station to station

  • Increased the safety and efficiency of railroads

Submarine Telegraph Lines

• It was used to respond to or anticipate changing conditions in distant markets

Process of Iron to Steel

• 1850s William Kelly and Henry Bessemer

  • Discovered that air forced through molten pig iron by powerful pumps can turn it into steel

    • Reduced the cost of steel

Synthetic Dyes

• German chemists synthesized red, violet, blue, brown, and black dyes

  • This made the dyes last long, cheap, and brightened their color

  • These dyes could be produced in greater quantities and at much lower prices than natural dyes

    • Ruined the previously-profitable indigo plantations of India and Latin America

Dynamite

• 1866, Alfred Nobel

  • Swedish scientist

  • Turned nitroglycerin into dynamite

• Dynamite proved useful in mining and was critical in the construction of railroads and canals

• Dynamite also enabled the armies and navies of the Great Powers

Connection between scientific breakthroughs and second wave of imperialism after 1850

Impact of electricity on industrial countries

• Electricity increased productivity and improved workers’ safety

  • Thomas Edison, 1879

    • Invented the light bulb

      • Could be placed in small rooms

Why some regions benefitted more from global economy than others

Main cause of growing interdependence of the global economy

• One of the main causes of the growing interdependence of the global economy was the financial power of Great Britain

  • Eff. This dominated the flow of trade, finance, and information

More info about the Industrial Revolution in Europe

• Europe shifted from cotton industries to factory system

• Europe’s original energy sources were:

  • Water

  • Wind

  • Wood

  • Human & animal labor

• But replaced with:

  • Coal

  • Oil

  • Natural gas

Muhammad Ali in Egypt (1769 - 1849)

• Muhammad was the leader of Egypt’s modernization in the

  • He wanted Egypt to be independent from the Ottoman Empire

    • So he build the Egyptian economy and military

• He changed Egypt’s economy by:

  • Importing advisers and technicians from Europe

  • Built cotton mills, foundries, shipyards, weapons factories, and other industrial enterprises

• How were they funded?

  • He made the peasants grow wheat and cotton

    • Which the government bought at a low price and exported at a profit

  • Imposed high tariffs on imported goods to force the pace of industrialization

Affects of Britian’s Interference in Egypt

• Egypt went to war against the Ottoman Empire in 1839, Britain intervened and forced Muhammad Ali to eliminate all import duties in the name of free trade

  • Because Egypt’s industries couldn’t compete with Britain’s cheap products. They became dependent on Britain

What commercial company was charted in India

• British East India Company in 1600

  • Maintained trade outposts and forts across Asia

  • India became the center of its commercial empire by the end of the Seven Years’ War

• The company had established its effective control of Bengal, one of India’s most important textile centers

  • This made India’s textile industries a key source to Britain’s profits

Calico Acts purpose

• It’s purpose was to give British producers a chance to produce cotton cloth at competitive prices

  • Though India had advantages that made it hard for Britain to compete in textile production:

    • First, it produced raw cotton while Britain had to import its raw material from America and elsewhere

    • Second, British labor was six times more expensive than Indian labor

• In results: The Indian cotton imports peaked in the 1790s as the first generation of mechanical innovations transformed the production of British cotton cloth

The first to mechanize textile mill, and how?

• A Bombay merchant Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar, 1854

  • He imported an engineer, skilled workers, and textile machines from Britain

    • This began India’s first mechanized textile mill

How China maintain a favorable balance of trade

Silver imported from Britain was the main reason how they were able to maintain trade

The significant of the Nemesis

• the Nemesis was the first steam-powered iron gunboat in Asian waters

  • It was later combined with other steam-powered warships that helped establish European control of Chinese rivers

    • It bombarded forts and cities and transported troops and supplies quickly than Chinese soldiers could on foot

      • Britain was able to take over China

How European interference in nonindustrial led to changes in India, China and Egypt

• Egypt

  • Britain interfered in the conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt and forced Muhammad Ali to eliminate all import duties leading to free trade

    • Egypt's emerging industries couldn't compete with the influx of cheap British products. Making it difficult for businesses to survive and grow

      • This later led to Egypt to become dependent on Britain’s goods

• India

• China

• All of these led to the New Age of Western Dominance

Which European group are similar to the Daimyos

The Nobles

• Both were landowners with people

Christian Missionaries in Japan, 1612

• The Japanese Government executed all Christians in 1620

  • This mass execution of Christians led to the rebellions in 1630, some were Christian samurai

    • However, the Japanese government responded by expelling foreigners, limiting foreign trade, and prohibiting foreigners from entering Japan

      • Though, Dutch was the only country allowed to trade under strict conditions

Arrived in Japan in 1853, and demanded them to open their trading port

• Matthew C. Perry, backed by a powerful fleet, demanded Japan to open. In the process, Perry brought political crisis to Japan

  • To avoid meeting the same fate as China shogun decided to surrender, and signed the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854

    • This angered some of the provincial governors and led to the end of the Tokugawa regime and the prohibition of foreigners in Japan

Who overthrew and replaced the Tokugawa Shogunate

• The provincial rebels overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate and declared Mutsuhito as Emperor, 1868

  • They called their regime the Meiji Restoration

    • The Meiji means enlightened rule

How the Meiji Restoration seek to build a stronger country able to compete with European Countries

• Determined to protect their country from Western imperialism

  • The Meiji Restoration wanted to prevent Japan from being dominated by European Countries

• Pushed Japan into a wealthy nation with a strong military, focusing on developing world-class industries

• The Meiji Restoration helped Modernize Japan

Laissez-Faire vs Socialism

• Laissez-Faire - Let them do it

  • Sought to minimize government intervention in the economy

    • Emphasizing free markets, private ownership, and limited regulation

• Socialism

  • Wanted the community to control production, distribution, and exchange

    • Emphasized on equality and social justice

Adam Smith argue in publication of “The Wealth of Nations“

• Wrote The Wealth of Nations

  • Argued that if people were allowed to seek personal gain, though guided by an “invisible hand,” would lead to an increase in the general welfare of society

• Supported Laissez faire

• Believed that the government should refrain from interfering in business, except to protect private property

The Zollverein and it’s purpose

• The Zollverein was formed by Friedric List’s ideas in 1834

  • It reduced tolls and tariffs in the German States

  • Attempted to minimize the negative effects of imports, especially British goods

Became the world’s leader in Steel Production

The United States

Slowed down the Latin American economic development

• Weak governments

• Political Instability

• Civil War

Two things that led to the increase of international trade in 1850 and 1913

• Improvements in transportation and communication

• The cost of freight dropped dramatically due to steamships being much more efficient and faster than sailing ships, intensifying long-distance commercial links.

New technologies that improved the Sugar refineries

The Crushing mill

Karl Marx argument about wealth and power of industrialization

• Karl Marx argued that industrialization led to the concentration of wealth and power resulting in severe oppression of industrial workers who were called the proletariat

• The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848 spread Marx’s criticism of capitalism and urged the mobilization of the working class

  • This book argued that history is dominated by class struggle and that the proletariat would inevitably unite to overthrow the bourgeoisie

Other word for communist

The Marxists

Argued against Karl Marx

• Bakunin argued against Marx. This led to his followers being expelled from the International Workingman’s Association.

  • Though Bakunin's followers were expelled they became a potent source of political violence and working-class mobilization in Italy, Spain, and Argentina

Other events going on in France that increased machine breaking and worker mobilization

How mechanization resisted in Britain

• The effects of enclosure and rural population growth forced many rural families in Great Britain into poverty.

  • This led to the Captain Swing riots

    • Many laborers and artisans were against mechanization by setting fires, threatening landlords, demanding higher wages, and breaking machines

• In response, the British government mobilize troops and militia in defense of property

  • This led to 19 were executed. The remaining 233 had their sentences commuted to transportation to Australia as convict laborers

The Factory Act of 1833 & The Mines Act of 1842

• The Factory Act of 1833

  • Prohibited the employment of children younger than nine in textile mills

  • Limited the working hours of children between the ages of nine and thirteen to eight hours a day

  • Limited fourteen- to eighteen-year-olds to twelve-hours

• The Mines Act of 1842

  • Prohibited the employment of women and boys under the age of 10 underground

Roles Women play in fighting for change

• Women were burdened with jobs and family responsibilities

The purpose of the Labor Unions, 1824

• These were created to help people in the working class

  • Sought to better wages

  • Improved working conditions

  • Insurance against illness, accidents, disability, and old age

What Sultan Selim III do to modernize the Ottoman Empire - 1789–1807

• Introduced reforms to create European-style military units, bring provincial governors under central government control, and standardize taxation

  • Though the reforms failed due to political conflicts

    • Mostly due to the opposition from the Janissaries

Describe the Tanzimat Reforms

• A series of reforms announced by Abdul Mejid in 1839

  • It called for public trials and equal protection under the law for everyone of different religions

  • Guaranteed rights of privacy

  • Equalized the eligibility of men for conscription into the army

  • Provided a new method of tax collection that ended tax farming

Importance of Fez

• A European military cap, which protected soldiers against the glare of the sun

  • Though, it got in the way of Muslim faces during prayer

Why major reform not take part in the Qing Dynasty - 1800

• Reasons why reforms didn’t take place in the Qing are:

  • Their skillful counter against the Russian strategic and diplomatic moves in the 1600s boosted their traditional methods

  • The Macartney mission in 1793 furthered the Qing Dynasty's reluctance on the reforms

Complaints to the Qing Dynasty

• Farmers

  • Agricultural deterioration

• Mongols

  • The grazing of their lands and displacement of their traditional elites

• People in Central and Southwestern China

  • Being driven off their lands during the boom of the 1700s

The White Lotus Rebellion - 1804

• The White Lotus Rebellion was inspired by a messianic ideology that predicted the restoration of the Chinese Ming dynasty and the coming of the Buddha in 1794. But didn’t occur until 1804

  • It initiated a series of internal conflicts that continued through the 1800s

Rapid Industrialization occur where?

• Rapid Industrialization occur mostly in Urban places

  • This led to dramatic environmental changes

    • Ex. Population growth. London, one of the largest cities in Europe in 1700 with 500,000 inhabitants, grew to 1,117,000 by 1800 and to 2,685,000 by 1850

Rickets and their affects in industrial communities

• Rickets is a bone disease caused by a lack of sunshine

  • It was mostly found in dark and smoky industrial cities

• Cholera brought by Steamships struck the poorest neighborhoods

• Those diseases and documents brought in reforms such as garbage removal, water and sewage systems

  • Alleviating the ills of urban life after the mid-nineteenth century

Pay difference between men and women

Women earned one-third to one-half as much as men

Challenges new mothers faced in choosing work or their children

• Mothers were faced with two difficult decisions:

  • Leave their babies with wet nurses at great expense

  • Bring them to the factory, but drugged to prevent disturbance

Children in factories

• Children started working at the age of 5 or 6 but were beaten for mistakes or sleeping

  • Children were preferred in factories because:

    • They were cheaper and more docile than adults

    • They were able to tie broken threads or crawl under machines to sweep the dust

The real beneficiaries of the early Industrial Revolution

• The real beneficiaries of the early Industrial Revolution were men and women of the middle class

  • The middle class would become the active center of reform efforts by the middle of the nineteenth century

How the Victorian Age changed the ideas of men and women

• The Victorian Age in 1850 to 1901

  • Valued the masculine ideals of strength and courage in men

  • Admired the feminine virtues of beauty and kindness

  • Idealized homes as a peaceful and loving refuge

• Though the Victorian Age was universal. It was focused only in Upper and Middle class

The Separated Spheres

• Women’s roles in separated spheres

  • Wives in higher classes were to take care of their children, run the household, and spend the family income to enhance the family’s social status

  • Wives in the lower classes constantly lived with financial pressures

    • The majority worked outside the home for wages

    • Others took in laundry or did low-wage piecework, like sewing for garment companies, to supply the household income

Middle-class women during the Industraliazation

• Their important role was to raise their children

• They were tasked to create an emotional haven for their husbands

Women achievement in 1914 in America

• The right to vote

• British women gained the right to vote in 1918.

Three environmental issues that arose during the Industrialization

• Air pollution from coal burning

  • Smoke from railroads and steam engines were the main cause

    • Though, electricity decreased the cause of air pollution

• Polluted water

  • Water in rivers was filled with human waste and industrial waste

    • This caused the ‘The Great Stink‘

• Toxins from Chemical industries

  • With all of these issues, the poorest neighbors suffered the most

More info about the Industrial Revolution

• Proletariat Working Class

  • Suffered most and benefited least from the transformations that took place during the Industrial Revolution

• Universal suffrage for men was enforced in

• Great Britain: Public Health Act of 1875

  • required houses to have running water and plumbing to stop sewage in streets

  • created sanitary inspectors

  • regulated building of “shoddy” homes

• Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire

More info about Japan

• Meiji Restoration 1868 - 1894

  • Determined to protect their country from Western imperialism – they encouraged an industrial and military transformation

  • Abolished the feudal system in 1871

  • Introduced Western styles

Russian Revolution

• Russia still had an absolute monarchy

  • They were far behind the others

• Russia became 4th in Stell production

They