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deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

What makes behavior abnormal?

Deviance

outside of the norm (stated and unstated “rules” of conduct)

Distress

causes suffering or consequence; does it cause the person negative feelings or outcomes?

Dysfunctional

does it interfere with the person’s daily functioning?

Danger

does the person create danger for themselves or others?

Expected behaviors varies based on religions and cultures.

How is it that some behaviors meet the 4 D’s but are considered normal?

Wilhelm Wundt

In 1879, who build the first psych lab?

Clinical theorist and pioneer of therapy discusses 3 essential features of therapy

Who was Jerome Frank?

1. a SUFFERER who seeks relief from the healer

2. A trained, socially accepted HEALER whose expertise is accepted by the suffer and his/her social group

3. A SERIES OF CONTACTS between the healer and the sufferer through which the healer…tries to produce certain changes to the sufferer's emotional state, attitudes and behavior

What are the 3 essential features of therapy for mental disorders according to Jerome Frank?

treatment and therapy for MH disorders

first thought: a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into “normal” behavior

trephination, which was drilling a hole in the skull to “release evil spirits”

Past views of abnormality such as supernatural, evil spirits, magical, or a battleground between good and evil caused what to be an early treatment in the Stone Age and what is it?

exorcism - A priest, or shaman would recite prayers or perform magic, force the person to drink poison, starve or be whipped.

After the belief was the supernatural or evil spirits, they thought the cause of MH disorders was demonic possession. This caused the next treatment to be ___________ to coax away the evil spirits. Explain this treatment.

They thought it did because the abuse people went through caused their behavior to change.

Did exorcism work?

draining of the humors

After demonic possession, they thought it disease or a natural cause that caused MH disorders which was from 500 BC to 500 AD. This was misunderstood which caused what to be performed?

demonic possession

In the Middle Ages, after the cause was thought to be disease or natural, the belief came back to __________ _________. This was because of the Church on the rise in Europe (500 to 1350 AD).

shared delusions and hallucinations

ex. beliefs of St Vitus Dance (being jittery), tarantism (belief of being bitten or plagued by a tarantula), and lycanthropy (possessed by wolves and acting wolf-like)

In the Middle Ages as demonic possession belief came back, it brought stress and anxiety which resulted in mass madness. Mass madness was characterized by what? and examples

exorcisms

The Middle Ages brought back the belief of demonic possession and with that returned, torturous ___________.

early Renaissance (1400-1700)

Johann Weyer lived in what time?

Johann Weyer (1515-1588)

• founded psychopathology

• believed the mind was susceptible to illness just like the body

What did Johann Weyer found and what did she believe?

more humans and compassionate treatments

What did Johann Weyer’s beliefs lead to?

humane, asylums

Because so many people needed treatments, the ______ improvements in care faded by the mid-sixteenth century, which lead to _________.

good, overpopulated

Asylums intended on providing _____ care to the masses but quickly became ________ and turned into virtual prisons with filthy conditions and unspeakable cruelty.

• Workers were desperate for jobs, didn’t get payed well, some wanted to treat people poorly

• overpopulated

What were some reasons why conditions in asylums were so horrible?

• revitalized sympathy and kindness for patients

• redesigned the hospitals to have sunny, ventilated rooms

• offered support and advice

What did Phillip Pinel do as 1800 approached which was successful?

Benjamin Rush

Who termed “Moral Treatment” and brought the idea to the US?

• humane approaches including hiring qualified compassionate staff to work with patients, mostly religious people

What did “Moral Treatment” include?

• made humane care a political concern

• called for legal reform

• led to the development of State Hospitals with guidelines and laws intended to offer moral treatment

Who was Dorothea Dix/what did she do? What did her actions lead to?

• Hospitals were overrun.

• led to staffing shortages, low funding, declining recovery rates

• This led to a prejudice against people with mental health disorders; people thought they could control it; they were viewed as strange and dangerous; stigma was back

Shortly after Dorothea Dix called for legal reform and help State hospitals develop guidelines for moral treatment, what happened to hospitals and what did this cause?

Two opposing perspectives; the somatogenic perspective and the psychogenic perspective.

What emerged as the Moral Movement was declining?

somatogenic

which perspective which emerged as the Moral Movement was declining: mental dysfunction is rooted in a physical issue

ex. syphilis leading to general paresis (paralysis)

psychogenic

which perspective which emerged as the Moral Movement was declining: mental dysfunction is rooted in psychology (our interpretation of life events)

- use hypnotism

hypnotism

• He would touch that affected area with a rod, and like magic, the ailment would disappear

• People did think they were feeling better afterward, but it could have just been because he told them they were - similar to placebo effect

Coming form the psychogenic perspective, Anton Mesmer used what to “cure” people with hysterical disorders? did it work?

Sigmund Freud, psychogenic

Who developed psychoanalysis and which perspective did it branch off from?

• term coined by Freud

• says our unconscious psychological processes are the root of mental illness

psychoanalysis

outpatient therapy

Besides psychoanalysis, what did Freud develop?

deinstitutionalization

Psychotropic medications led to what?

antipsychotics

psychotropic medication: for confused and distorted thinking

• struggled to get jobs because they had no experience, no education

• homelessness

• can’t reintegrate into society b/c there are no resources to help them

• have incontinence, which is when they are dependent on resources like people helping them eat or go to the bathroom

People getting out of institutions because medications were developed experience what types of things?

• partial hospitalization and outpatient

Because deinstitutionalization caused patients who got out problems, what was the solution?

• modern community programs try to correct social conditions that lead to MH issues (ex. poverty, violence)

• at risk groups (teen mothers, children of people with MH issues)

• Problems are low funding because it can’t be proved that it actually prevents MH disorders

What were/are some resources for ways to prevent mental health disorders?

What are some problems with these?

positive psychology

study and enhancement of positive feelings (optimism and happiness), positive traits (hard work and wisdom) and positive abilities (social skills, talents, virtues like altruism and tolerance)

• looking at mentally well people and comparing them to mentally ill people then seeing what we can do to help the mentally ill by comparison

multicultural psychology

Which type of psychology? seeking to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender and similar factors affect behavior and thought and how we differ psychologically

Pros

• Insurance companies cover costs, partially or wholly

• Demand qualified, credentialed practitioners to provide services

• Demands use of empirically validated treatment methods

• Help connect with providers and provide info about availability, location, expertise, and more

  Cons

• Insurance determines therapists that can be used, cost of sessions, and number of sessions

• Inevitably can shorten therapy or favor a less effective treatment method for cost efficiency

• Treatment is dictated by insurance, not the therapist

• Reimbursement for therapists is lower than those that treat physical ailments

Name 3 pros and 3 cons for managed care for MH disorders

the patient’s diagnosis

What does a clinical psychologist look at?

everyday struggles, common problems, specific problems

What do counseling psychologists deal with?

give meds to patients

What do psychiatric nurses do?

Their work is related to family, neighborhood, job

• looking at groups of people rather than just one person

What do social workers do?

research diagnoses, looking for treatments and new discoveries

• They use the scientific method to collect data to find relationships between variables.

What do clinical researchers do? What do they use?

triggers, support

ie good and bad

Technology provides new _________ and sources of _________ and validation for people with MH disorders.

telemental health

long distance therapy, videoconferencing, MH info and resources

pos: support groups, people feel like they are not alone, telehealth

neg: anti-treatment groups to join such as pro-suicide, pro-anorexia

lots of misinformation online as well

What are some positive and negative effects technology has on mental health?

case study, correlational method, experimental method

What are the three main methods of research in abnormal psychology? (clinical researchers use these)

case study

ex. Little Hans: Freud concluded he feared horses after doing a case study and observing some events in Little Hans’ life.

A detailed description of a person’s life and psychological problems including the history, present circumstances and symptoms

pros

• source of new ideas

• offers support for a theory

• shows the value of new therapeutic techniques

• offers rich detail

  cons

• biased observers

• low internal validity (can’t say one thing is the cause)

• low external validity (can’t generalize)

What are 2 pros and 2 cons for case studies?

high internal validity

pointing out one thing as a cause

high external validity

a phrase meaning able to be generalized

correlational method

a method of research: studying a relationship between two variables

pretty strong considering the scale goes from +1.00 to -1.00

Is .47 a relatively strong or weak correlation coefficient?

pros

• uses statistical analysis for accuracy

• has high external validity (can be generalized)

  cons

• lack internal validity (correlation does not equal causation/does not explain relationship)

• data can be collected or interpreted with bias

What are some pros and cons for the correlational method?

experimental method

Research method: a variable is manipulated and its effect is observed

confounds, control, experimental, randomly assigned

Using the experimental method, it is important for a researcher to eliminate all possible __________, and use a ______ group and a _______ group. Also, each participant to be _________ __________ to their group.

masked design

participants are kept unaware of their assigned group

double-masked design

neither the participant nor the experimenter know which is in which group (via a code, perhaps)

triple-masked design

experimenters, judges (who analyze data) and participants do not know

Quasi-experimental designs

type of experiment design that fails to include key features of a pure experiment; or they intermix an experiment with a correlational design.

matched design, natural experiment, analogue experiment, single-subject experiment, longitudinal study, epidemiological study

What are some examples of Quasi-experimental designs?

matched design

matching experimental participants with control participants who are similar in multiple variables such as sex, age, race, number of children, socioeconomic status, type of neighborhood, etc.

then looking at the differences and similarities between on a particular factor

natural experiments

nature manipulates the independent variable and the experimenter observes the effects: ie) the effect of an unusual or unpredicted event like a flood, terrorist attack, plane crash, etc

analogue experiments

inducing lab participants to behave in a way that seem to resemble real-life abnormal behavior and then conduct experiments

• animals are often used

single-subject experiments

investigating a disorder so rare , few participants are available. First, a baseline is taken before any manipulation of a variable, then measured again after the introduction of the independent variable

A - no treatment, B - treatment, A - treatment stops, B - treatment resumes

Explain ABAB design (or reversal design)

longitudinal studies

researchers observe the same individuals over a long period of time. Independent variable is not manipulated

incidence

(# of new cases in a given period of time

prevalence

total number of cases in the population in a given period

epidemiological studies

aims to reveal HOW a problem occurs in a particular population. Specifically incidence and prevalence

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

committee of 5 or more members who review and monitor every study conducted at an institution, beginning at the first proposal

• protect the rights and safety of research participants

• follow ethics

• can intervene and change or terminate a study at any time

What does an IRB do? (3)

•Neurons- nerve cells

•Glia- support cells

•Brain structures

•Hormones

•Brain circuits (a network of brain structures that work together)

•Genes

•Prenatal events

•Brain injuries

•Viral infections

•Environmental experiences

•Stress

•Gene mutations

What would the biological model say causes abnormality? List a few things.

drug therapy, brain stimulation, psychosurgery

What are treatments that fall under the biological model of abnormality? (3)

psychotropic medication

• antianxiety drugs

• antidepressant drugs

• antipsychotic drugs

• antibipolar drugs (mood stabilizers)

What is drug therapy and what are the four major categories? (biological model)

It takes a long time (avg of 12 years for one drug) and lots of money to bring a new drug to the market. Also, testing is very expensive and a small percentage of new drugs make it to animal testing and even smaller percentages make it to human testing and then get FDA approved.

Why is it so hard to bring new drugs to the market?

electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation

What are the 4 main types of brain stimulation? (biological model)

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

2 electrodes are attached to a patient’s forehead and an electrical current of 65-140 volts is passed causing a seizure that lasts up to a few minutes. After 7-9 sessions, spaced 2-3 days apart, depression seems to be alleviated.

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

an electromagnetic coil is placed on or above the person’s head, sending a current into certain areas of their brain

vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)

a pulse generator is implanted in a person’s neck, helping to stimulate the vagus nerve, and then delivers electrical signals into the brain

deep brain stimulation

electrodes are implanted inside certain areas of the brain and connected to a battery or pacemaker in the chest which proceeds to power the electrodes, sending a steady stream of low voltage electricity o the targeted areas

lobotomy - severing connections between frontal loves and lower regions of the brain

What does psychosurgery consists of? (biological model)

pros

• succeeds where other fail

• produces new valuable info all the time

  cons

• assumes all human behavior can be explained by biology

• can be limited in scope

• side effects from the treatments

What are some pros and cons of the biological model?

psychodynamic model

perspective for abnormal behavior: A person’s behavior is determined by underlying psychological forces, of which we are unaware; unconscious. These forces are dynamic; they interact with one another; and abnormal symptoms are the result of these forces conflicting with one another.

psychoanalysis - Freud

What is the method of treatment used for the psychodynamic model?

id

wants, desires

ego

mediator between id and superego, unconscious

superego

doing what is right, morals

psychodynamic

Defense mechanism comes from which model?

repression

defense mechanism:

avoids anxiety by not allowing painful thoughts to become conscious

ex. not being able to recall abuse from childhood

denial

Defense mechanism: refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety

ex. someone says they do not have a substance use disorder even when they do because they can “still function/do everyday things”

projection

defense mechanism:

attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, desires to other people

ex. the classroom bully who teases other children for crying but is quick to cry

rationalization

defense mechanism:

creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives

ex.  a student who is rejected from her dream college may explain that she’s happy to be attending a school that’s less competitive and more welcoming

displacement

defense mechanism:

displaces hostility away from a dangerous object onto a safer substitute

ex. Lady who has anger because she and her fiance are not getting along yells at the lady at a restaurant because she messed up her food.

intellectualization

defense mechanism:

represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem; only focusing on the facts

ex. You receive new that you have a terminal illness and instead of showing your emotions, you research all the possible surgeries you will have to endure.