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Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)
Andrew Johnson
Became president after Lincoln's assassination. Was impeached for slowing down reconstruction.
Ulysses S. Grant
an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
Hiram Revels
First African American elected to congress from Mississippi.
Frederick Douglas
(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.
Thaddeus Stevens
A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history
Emancipation Proclamation
Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.
Force Acts
Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.
Freedman's Bureau
The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.
13th Amendment
abolished slavery
14th Amendment
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
15th Amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or precious condition of servitude.
Wade-Davis Bill
1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.
"10% plan"
This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.
Radical Reconstruction
Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war.
Black Codes
Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War
Jim Crow Laws
Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
Segregation
Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences.
"Separate But Equal"
Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.
Carpetbaggers
A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states
Scalawags
A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.
Redeemers
Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Federal law granting citizenship to former slaves; passed over Johnson's veto.
Sharecropper
A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.
Tenant Farmer
Farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent either in cash or crops
Physical, political, social, economic
What are the four types of reconstruction?
Tenure of Office Act
Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees.
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
1. Physical- towns were demolished because of the war so they had to physically rebuild towns.
2. Political- government needed to change in the South and sooner or later a congressman would have to come from the South.
3. Social- make Southern society better and give slaves opportunities.
4. Economic- the cost of the war was financed through the government borrowing the money, this led to inflation.
List and describe 4 types of reconstruction in the context of American history.
Newly freed slaves could choose to move up North to work in factories or stay in the South and find a job there. In the south, they could either work as sharecrops which meant they get a share of the crop for the pay and then go and sell it. The other job option in the South was to work as a tenant farmer which meant you went to the farm and worked and got paid a certain wage a week but you also were given a small house to live in.
Describe the choices/options (where to go and what to do) facing newly freed slaves during Reconstruction.
The Freedmen's Bureau would provide African Americans with food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land as a way to start a new life and try to make a living.
In what ways did the Freedmen's Bureau attempt to assist African Americans during Reconstruction?
Radical Republicans planned to punish the South. The Wade Davis Bill, which was the Radical plan of reconstruction, stated: that there would be martial law in the South, a majority would have to take an oath of allegiance to the U.S, and the former leader could not have a spot in office.
What were the goals or plans of the Radical Republicans and how did they implement them?
Black Codes would restrict black people's rights, such as their right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces. Even though they were seen as freed people there were still restrictions put on them.
Discuss the concept of "Black Codes".
The 14th Amendment states that citizenship can not be denied because of your skin color. With this amendment meant newly freed slaves could not be denied citizenship.
Explain the significance of the 14th Amendment.
The 15th Amendment gave black people the right to vote.
What was accomplished by the 15th Amendment?
The government was put in the South to make sure they would not try and succeed again. If the military was there no one in the South could try and rebel forcing them to stay part of the nation
How was the military used in the creation of new state governments in the South?
The Ku Klux Klan would go and kill any black person who looked at a white woman the wrong way or said anything to a white person that would offend them.
Describe the methods of the Ku Klux Klan.
Many plantation owners in the South lost a lot of money during the Civil War. So for them to gain some of their wealth back they would make contracts with newly freed slaves to work on their land. They could become sharecropers which meant they get a share of the crop for the pay and then go and sell it. The other job option was to work as a tenant farmer which meant you went to the farm and worked and got paid a certain wage a week but you also were given a small house to live in.
Discuss economic changes in the South during Reconstruction. ( HOW DID WORK CHANGE)?
Johnson was disliked by everyone including congressmen and the South whom he tried to win over by sucking up to them and saying they would not have to have military occupation anymore. Congress was just waiting for a reason to impeach Johson so they created the Tenure of Office Act which states that the president cannot remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate. They knew Johson would remove someone from office so once he did they put him on trial for that plus many other things including the use of impolite language.
Explain the events surrounding impeachment of President Andrew Johnson.
In the short run, Reconstruction worked, but as soon as the military influence in the South was gone Southerners went back to the way they were before, and segregation replaced slavery. It would take one hundred years before there was any true equality in the South.
Assess the long-term impact of Reconstruction on race relations and civil rights in the United States.
They believed it was their God-given right to the land that the Plains Indians were on.
How did the U.S. government justify the mistreatment of Plains Indian tribes during the late 19th century?
Those railroads that were created took up grazing land for animals like buffalo that the Native Americans relied on for sources of food and clothing. It also took up the land that they lived on.
What role did the expansion of the transcontinental railroad play in the mistreatment of Plains Indian tribes?
Americans wanted them to become more modernized and leave their old ways. They also wanted them to change their religion and their ideas.
How did the policy of forced assimilation impact the cultural identity of Plains Indian tribes?
They would move forcefully onto their land and force them to move against them when they learned there was gold.
In what ways did the U.S. government break treaties with Plains Indian tribes during this period?
Americans believed it was their God-given right to have the land the Plain Indians lived on.
How did the concept of "Manifest Destiny" contribute to the mistreatment of Plains Indian tribes?
There would be places set aside for Native Americans for them to live in and the government could not try and take over. The land they were usually given was not good farmland.
What were the consequences of the U.S. government's introduction of the reservation system for Plains Indian tribes?
It would create a bigger rift between the Native Americans and Americans. The Native Americans would fight back and win but still lose in the long run. They would be confined to reservations created by the government to keep them away from Americans.
How did the Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer’s Last Stand) impact the relationship between the U.S. government and Plains Indian tribes?
Some of the land they lived on gold was in the land so the Americans pushed them further away.
What were the economic motivations behind the mistreatment of Plains Indian tribes, particularly related to land acquisition?
Plain Indians relied on buffalo for food and clothing, and some even worshipped the animal.
How did the decline of the buffalo population affect the livelihood of Plains Indian tribes?
The Dawes Act would try to Americanize Native Americans. That means they would no longer speak their native language, no more polytheism, and they would also be forced to change the way they acted.
In what ways did the Dawes Act of 1887 contribute to the disintegration of traditional tribal land ownership among Plains Indian tribes
American troops would kill many Sioux Indians ending their resistance against the government.
How did the Wounded Knee Massacre symbolize the end of armed resistance by Plains Indian tribes?
They would rebel against forceful removal and tried to negotiate but most of the time it didn't work.
What efforts were made by Plains Indian tribes to resist or negotiate the mistreatment imposed by the U.S. government?
To the government, the dances looked like a cult or demonic and they were scared of them so most of the time troops would open fire and kill many of them.
How did the Ghost Dance movement influence the U.S. government's perception and treatment of Plains Indian tribes?
In the beginning, they treated the Indians unfairly and forced them to move but later on the government would set aside places specifically for Indian tribes to live on and not be touched.
In what manner did the U.S. government's policies towards Plains Indian tribes change or evolve during the late 19th century?
cattle could become sick, weather could be bad, hostile animals, not enough resources for the cattle.
What are four difficulties of the long-drive?
Dime novel
Comic books that usually depicted the old west.
You had to live on it for 5 years, had to "improve" it, and had to farm it.
What were the rules if you were given 160 acres of land.
