2.3 | Executive Systems

Policy formulation

The process of developing strategies and plans to address specific issues or objectives in governance.

Policy implementation

The execution of policies through the establishment of regulations, services, and actions by government agencies.

Policy enforcement

The act of ensuring compliance with laws and regulations established through policy.

Head of State

The official representative of a country in ceremonial duties, often symbolizing the unity and integrity of the state.

• Foreign policy leader

Head of Government

The leader responsible for running the government, making policy decisions, and overseeing the administration.

• Domestic agenda

Monarch

A sovereign head of state, especially a king, queen, or emperor.

Supreme Leader

The highest-ranking political and religious authority in certain countries, with ultimate control over all state matters.

Veto Power

The authority vested in an official to reject legislation or proposals passed by a legislative body.

Executive institutions

Branches of government that are responsible for the implementation and enforcement of laws and policies.

Bureaucracy

A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Civil service

The permanent professional branches of a government's administration, excluding military and judicial branches.

Commander in Chief

The supreme commander of a country's military forces, typically vested in the head of state or government.

Mexican Head of Office

• Head of State and Head of Government

• Restricted to one 6-year term

  • Sexenio 

• Commander in Chief of the military

• Head of government bureaucracy

• Approves domestic legislation

• Has veto power

• Sets international policy and cooperation

Nigerian Head of Office

• Head of State and Head of Government

• Restricted to two 4-year terms 

• Commander in Chief of the military

• Head of government bureaucracy

• Approves domestic legislation

• Has veto power

• Sets international policy and cooperation

• Federal Character Principle 

  • Requirement of one cabinet member appointment from each state

Russian Office of the Executive

President

• Head of State

• Ceremonial leader

• Commander in Chief

• Foreign policy leader

• Appoints top ministers

  • Defense, Security, Foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs

• Signs or vetoes legislation

Prime Minister

• Head of Government

• Appoints the Cabinet to oversee bureaucracy and civil service

• Proposes domestic legislation

United Kingdom Office of the Executive

Prime Minister

• Head of Government

• Appoints the Cabinet to oversee bureaucracy and civil service

• Proposes domestic legislation

• De facto commander in chief

• Makes foreign policy

• Calls elections

Chinese Office of the Executive

President

• Head of State

• Commander in Chief

• Member of lots of committees

• Appointed President by National People’s Congress(2013)

• Nominates Premier (approved by National People’s Congress)

• Signs bills into law

Premier

• Head of Government

• Oversees civil service

• Promotes domestic legislation

Iranian Office of the Executive

Supreme Leader

• Head of State

• Commander in Chief

• All about those appointments

  • 6 members (half) of the Guardian Council

  • Chief Justice– who appoints other half of GC

  • All of Expediency Council

  • Leader of Revolutionary Guards

  • Leader of Iranian Military

  • Leader of Friday Prayers 

  • Head of Media

  • Bonyad leadership

President

• Head of Government

• Oversees civil service

• Proposes domestic legislation

• Conducts foreign policy

• Appoints Cabinet (approved by Majles)