US1H - Unit 11 Civil War / Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

If 10 percent of a confederate state swore loyalty to the union, then the state would be readmitted.

Wade-Davis Bill

Required 50% of white male citizens in a Confederate state to swear loyalty to the Union.

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

Made the war about slavery, and offered reconcilliation of instead of celebrating victory and emphasized importance of rebinding up wounds.

Freedman’s Bureau Bill

Provided food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and employment assistance. Established schools to educate freedmen and their children.

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln’s VP, very pro south, only sided with North because he was excluded from planter elite.

Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction

Wants to pardon most southerners who take a loyalty oath, but no pardons for high ranking confederate officers or wealthy landowners.

Black Codes

Laws enacted in the south to limit black freedoms and rights.

14th Amendment

Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.C, icnluding formerly enslaved people. States cannot deny life, liberty, and property without due process. Equal protection of the 5th Amendment. Gives more power to the federal government.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Gives blacks citizenship to protect them from black codes.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Divided the South into five military districts, each governed by a Union general. Required Southern states to draft new constitutions guarenteeing universal male suffrage. Ratification of 14th Amendment was required.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Required Senate consent before the president could remove executive officers. Meant for Edward Stanton to give him protection.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

He attempted to remove stanton, defying the Tenure of Office Act, however he ultimately fell one vote short of being convicted.

Election of 1868

Republicans: Ulysses S. Grant Dems: Horatio Seymour. Grant won. Key issues: Reconstruction policies, Black voting rights.

Fifteenth Amendment

Prohibited states from denying the right to vote based on rce, color, or previous condition of servitude. Granted congress the power to enforce the amendment through legislation.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction to seek political or economic opportunities.

Scalawags

White southerners who supported Reconstruction and aligned with the Republican Party

Sharecropping

Labor system that allowed landowners to lease land to tenant farmers in exchange for a portion of their crops.

KKK - Nathan Bedford Forrest

Forrest founded the KK, which intimidated and used violence to supress Black political participation and maintain white supremacy.

Gilded Age

Period of rapid economic growht, industrialization, and political corruption.

Patronage

James G. Blaine and Roscoe Conkling were two figures who were on different sides of the issue. Conkling supported patronage, Blaine didn’t

Credit Mobilier Scandal

Union Pacific executed created Credit Mobilier to handle railroad construction but inflated costs to pocket excess funds. Bribed politicians with cash and discounted stock to secure favorable laws and funding.

Whiskey Rig

A network of distillers, government officials, and politicians who conspired to evade federal liquor taxes, basically backdooring the public and stealing tax money.

Tweed Ring

William Tween used bribery, embezzlement, and kickbacks to take money from NYC treasury. It was exposed a NY Times journalist Thomas Nast who through cartoons.

Thomas Nast

Exposed the Tweed Ring through cartoons in NY Times.

Samuel Tilden

Led efforts to break up Tweed Ring, would make him popular.

Election of 1872

Republican: Ulysses S. Grant. Liberal Dems / Dems: Horace Greeley. Grant wins again. Key issues included Reconstruction, Corruption, and economic policy.

Amnesty Act of 1872

Restored voting rights and officeholding eligibility to most former Confederates, except for high ranking officials.

North Tires of Reconstruction (Slaughter House Case)

Supreme Court ruling that ruled that the privileges or immunites clause only protected federal citizenship rights, not state rights, whcih limited the Fourteenth Amendment’s scope, amking it harder to challenge state laws that restricted civil rights.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Ensured equal treatment in public transportation, theaters, inns, and other public spaces. Prohibited racial discrimination in jury service, Allowed lawsuits for violations to be tried in federal courts.

Election of 1876

Republicans: Rutherford B. Hayes. Dems: Samuel J. Tilden. Hayes wins. Controversial because the Electoral comission made to settle disputed votes in Florida, Louisiana, SC, and Oregon, were all given to Hayes, even though Tilden won the popular vote.

Half Breeds vs. Stalwarts

Stalwarts: Led by Roscoe Conkling, supported the spoils system and favored Ulysses S. Grant. Half Breeds: Led by James G. Blaine, wanted civicl service reform and suported Hayes.

Compromise of 1877

Marked the end of Reconstruction. South would accept Hayes as the president, and in return, federal troops would be withdrawn from SC, Florida, and Louisiana, which removed federal enforcement of Reconstruction policies and Dems regained control of Southern Government. Rise of Jim Crow Laws and more black oppression.

Crittenden Compromise

A proposal introduced by guarenteeing slavery in existing slave states, and extending Missouri Compromise line, protecting slavery in D.C, and prevents future amendments that could abolish slavery.

Ex Parte Merryman and Ex Parte Miligan

Basically Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and made wartime powers more expansive.

Morill Land Grant Act

Provided federal land to states to fund the establishment of agricultural and mechanical colleges.

Homestead Act

Granted 160 acres of public land in the American West.

Pacific Railway Bill

Provided land grants and government bonds to railroad companies to build a continuous rail line from MO River to the Pacific Ocean.

Legal Tender Act

Allowed the U.S. government to issue non-gold-backed paper currency.

Who were the first black representatives in Congress?

Blanche Bruce and Hiram RevelsT

Greenback Party

Supported use of paper money in order to prevent deflation.

Difference between Presidential / Congressional / Military Reconstruction

Presidential: Led by Andrew Johnson, who favored lenient approach toward the south.

Congressional: Led by Radical Republicans who sough stronger protections for freedman.

Military: Enforced by federal troops, ensuring compliance with Reconstruction laws.