Psychological Disorders, Sleep, Emotion, and the Nervous System

Flashcards of vocabulary terms based on lecture notes.

___ affective disorder characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest that significantly impair daily functioning.

Depression

A loss of contact with reality.

Psychosis

Which bipolar disorder involves at least one major depressive episode lasting at least two weeks.

Bipolar I

In bipolar disorders, _______ refers to a period of neither mania nor depression in bipolar disorders.

Euthymia

A characteristic neurological symptom of Schizophrenia is enlarged.

Ventricles

___________ is a state of coherence and intentional engagement.

Wakefulness

___________ is a state involving a complete lack of response to environmental stimuli.

Unconscious state

This theory argues the purpose of sleep is to repair the body and replenish nutrients.

Restorative theory

Sleepwalking (somnambulism) typically occurs in which stage of sleep.

Stages 3&4

Known as the “pacemaker,” this brain structure maintains our circadian sleep cycle.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

___________ is a complex reaction pattern involving subjective experience, physiological changes, and behavior or expressive responses.

Emotion

This theory of emotion argues that emotional experience is the direct result of the physiological arousal that preceded it. In other words, the pattern of physiological activity is the emotion.

James-Lange Theory

This theory argues emotion is the result of physiological responses and contextual evaluation.

Singer-Schachter Theory

This part of the brain plays crucial roles in emotion and threat detection.

Amygdala

Regarding emotion, the prefrontal cortex is responsible for _________; conscious or unconscious efforts to modify emotional responses.

Evaluating and regulating

__________ is associated with beta waves on an EEG.

Wakefulness

What is the frontline drug treatment for bipolar disorder?

Lithium

Patients’ eyes could remain open during surgery while under the effects of this consciousness-altering drug.

Ketamine

Sleepwalking during REM sleep is highly unlikely due to ___________; the intention weakening or paralysis of skeletal muscle.

Atonia

The _________ theory of depression argues that depression is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by damage and death to neurons in the hippocampus.

Neurogenic theory

Involved in both physiological and cognitive aspects of emotion.

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

On the spectrum of consciousness, ___________ is a state of coherence and intentional engagement.

Altered consciousness

This lesser-known bipolar disorder involves cycling between states of hypomania and subsyndromal depression.

Cyclothymia

States of elation and high energy must last 1 week to meet the criteria for _______.

Mania

When isolated from direct sunlight for prolonged periods of time, what happens to human sleep cycles?

Regarding bipolar disorders, how long must states of elation and high energy last to meet the criteria for mania?

How is lithium different from the other psychotropic drugs we’ve discussed?

Name the three monoamine neurotransmitters.

Our current understanding of schizophrenia is largely based on irregular behavior of this neurotransmitter in various brain regions.

Dopamine

__________ is the subjective experience of the world and the mind.

Consciousness

Fully awake brains typically show _________ wave patterns on an EEG.

Beta

Brains in deep sleep typically show _________ wave patterns on an EEG.

Delta

This theory argues sleep reduces the demand for food by providing periods of decreased metabolic activity.

Energy conservation theory

According this theory of emotion, physiological arousal contributes more toward the intensity than the identify of an emotion; emotional labels require cognitive appraisal based on context.

Cognitive theory

This small, limbic-system brain region is highly involved in emotional processing and guides approach/avoidance behavior.

Amygdala

This brain region located in the medial wall of the frontal lobe is involved in the autonomous regulation of emotional responses and linking rewards & punishments to behavior.

Anterior cingulate cortex

This brain region is the final destination for emotion information in the brain. It is responsible for integrating emotion information from other brain regions and decide on a course of action.

Prefrontal cortex