Phonetics Final

True

True or False? There is no agreed-upon set of distinctive features of English phonemes by linguists

Syllabic

The feature that distinguishes syllabic sounds (vowels) from sounds that are not syllabic (consonants)

[+ syllabic]

Syllabic symbol for vowels

[- syllabic]

Syllabic symbol for consonants

Sonorant

_________ (sonorant, obstruent) sounds can take over the power of syllabic sounds

Example: /l/ or /n/ in final syllable position with NO schwa

False

True or False? You must have a consonant in initial or final position for you to have a syllable

True

True or False? Vowels are necessary for syllables and consonants are optional

Consonantal

The feature that distinguishes consonants made with significant closure in the vocal tract from those without significant closure

Stops, Fricatives, Affricates, Nasals

What sounds are [+ consonantal]?

Glides

What sounds are [- consonantal]?

False

True or False? Most of our English consonants fall into the category of [- consonantal]

Narrow-Opening Oral Posture

For American English consonants, we favor...

Sonorant

The feature that marks consonantal sounds that are typically voiced, for example nasals, from those that are not, that is voiced consonants

Nasals, Liquids, Glides

What are the [+ sonorant] sounds?

Stops, Fricatives, Affricates

What are the [- sonorant] sounds?

[+ sonorant]

Are first names typically [+ sonorant] or [- sonorant]?

Mixture

In regards to phonemes in names, we show we like a...

Vowels

What sounds do babies start producing first?

Stops

What sounds do babies start producing second?

Voice

The presence of vocal fold vibration

[+ voice]

Voiced stops, fricatives, and affricates

[- voiced]

Voiceless stops, fricatives, and affricates

They are always voiced

Why are vowels not classified as voiced/unvoiced?

True

True or False? All liquids, glides, and nasals in American English are [+ voicing]

Anterior

Sounds that are at the alveolar ridge or more forward

[+ anterior]

Are labial, dental, and alveolar consonants [+ anterior] or [- anterior]?

[- anterior]

Are palatal and velar consonants [+ anterior] or [- anterior]?

Coronal

Sounds made with the tongue tip or blade

[+ coronal]

Are alveolar and alveopalatal consonants [+ coronal] or [- coronal]?

[- coronal]

Are labial and velar consonants [+ coronal] or [- coronal]?

[+ coronal]

Is θ [+ coronal] or [- coronal]

[- coronal]

Is ɚ [+ coronal] or [- coronal]

True

Tre or False? /s, z/ would also be a good example of [+ anterior] and [+ coronal]

Dorsal

Consonants made in the oral cavity at the velum

[+ dorsal]

Are velar consonants [+ dorsal] or [- dorsal]

[- dorsal]

Are consonants made in front of the velum [+ dorsal] or [- dorsal]

Disorder

When children use backing in everyday speech (i.e. /k, g/ when not supposed to), is this considered a difference or disorder?

Strident (Sibilant)

Sounds made with high frication

[+ strident]

Are sounds like /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ [+ strident] or [- strident]

[- strident]

Are sounds like /f, v, θ, ð/ [+ strident] or [- strident]

Sibilants

In considering types of sounds, this category would be well represented among speech sound errors

Narrow Closure of Oral Posture

People who have trouble with stridents have difficulty with what?

No

Can stops be strident/sibilant?

Delayed Release

Noncintinuent sounds made with a delay in the release of the stop closure, that is, affricates

[+ delay release]

Are affricates [+ delay release] or [- delay release]

[- delay release]

Are non affricates [+ delay release] or [- delay release]

Nasals

Feature distinguishing nasal sonorants from nonnasal sonorants, that is, liquids

[+ nasal]

Are m, n, ŋ [+ nasal] or [- nasal]

[- nasal]

Are laterals /l, r/ [+ nasal] or [- nasal]

True

True or False? Distinguishing nasals from non nasals in production is an earlier learned distinctive feature

Opening of Velar Port

People have trouble with nasals are having difficulty with...

Continuant

Sounds made with unimpeded airflow

[+ continuant]

Are fricatives and glides [+ continuant] or [- continuant]

[- continuant]

Are stops and affricates [+ continuant] or [- continuant]

True

True or False? We as humans are adept at analyzing speech and language differences

Dialect

A neutral label that refers to any variety of a language that is shared. y a group of speakers

Yes

Is dialect systemic?

False

True or False? Dialects are NOT highly regular and DON'T cross all linguistic parameters (lexicon, word forms, plural endings, pragmatics, prosody, etc)

Cultural Identity

Dialects could mean something about the group of people you associate with. This is part of a _________ __________

Geographical

Dialects could be part of your cultural identity, or it could merely reflect your ___________ status

True

True or False? Even though we as SLPs use dialects as a neutral term, not everyone does

It's not necessarily a common dialect on TV

Dialects are regional- Denver is part of the midwest, so it could be hard to tell Denver from Columbia

Why is it unlikely you would hear someone say, "Wow! It really sounds like you're from Denver!" What is implied about dialectal differences with a statement like this?

We are hard wired to recognize dialects! It is our biological nature- In our Broca's and Wernicke's area

Why do we even notice dialectal differences in the first place?

SLPs tend to think different dialects are charming and intriguing. "Not liking" I dialect may mean you have a hard time telling the difference between a language difference and a language disorder

You are the newbie SLP! When you go to your first district-wide meeting of SLPs, you hear some who seem to enjoy dialectal variation and some that are disparaging of differences in pronunciation/lexicon. What does this tell you about your coworkers (and maybe your profession)?

Standards

Language ________ help to bridge differences between dialects

Formal Standard English

From a prescriptionist standpoint:

The English of dictionaries, grammar books, and most printed manner; the idealized form of English used in teaching English

Informal Standard English

From a descriptionist standpoint:

Based on listener judgements of patterns of spoken English deemed to be acceptable or not

Vernacular Dialects

The common, slang, speech of a region

False

True or False? You don't need to have a theory about speech or language to be a good SLP

Writing a literature review

You will most likely need to lean on your prescriptionist grammar skills when:

Dynamic, Static

Speech and language variations are ________ (dynamic, static), not ________ (dynamic, static)

Stable

New studies show a lot of dialects have remained (stable, not stable), losing the distinctiveness they formerly possessed

Trading

What kind of language did English start as?

True

True or False? English adds new words officially and unofficially every year.

True

True or False? Over time, dialects are morphing, being lost and staying stable

Wolfram

A linguist who had a huge impact on the study of dialects

Hispanic ENglish

What form of English has had the biggest impact on Midwest English?

New patterns of migration

Changing relationships among cultural groups

Redefinition of cultural centers

Improved means of transportation & communication

Bilingual issues

What are some socio cultural impacts on language?

Substitutions

Phonotactic Process

Consonant Cluster Variations

Prosodic Variability

What are some ways dialects affect how we speak?

Diacritics

Small, letter-shaped symbols or marks that can be added to a vowel or consonant IPA symbol to modify or refine its phonetic value

Allow us to be more narrow and precise in our transcriptions

Suprasegmentals and Prosody

Changes in speech as it relates to intonation, stress, and timing

Stress Timed Language

Language in which stressed syllables tend to recur at different intervals, and the intervening syllables are accommodated. E.g. English

The cats eat the mice example: we suppress articles

Longer

Louder

Higher in Pitch

What are the 3 qualities of a stressed syllable?

No

Are our sounds produced in isolation?

Children

Who are more variable in coarticulation: Children or Adults?