Chapter 11 Emotions and Aggression

Emotion involves…

a subjective aspect, various outward behaviors, and various physiological responses

__ is often defined as a subjective mental state, often accompanied by various behaviors, that can include involuntary physiological changes

Emotion

__ include rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure, shortness of breath, and excessive sweating (diaphoresis)

Physiological changes

There is a connection between the subjective aspects of emotions or feelings, and the __

Autonomic nervous system

__ suggests that emotions cause the body to react

Folk psychology

__ argued that the bodily response evokes emotional experience

James-lange

__ insisted that the physiological and emotion occurs simultaneously

Cannon-Bard

__ link changes in cognitive thinking to changes in physiological responses

Lie detectors

The polygraph is based on the __ that people produce emotional responses when lying are accompanied with changes in bodily responses

Somewhat assumption

Research shows that lie detectors…

Aren’t accurate

Research shows that in neuroimaging, the __ become more active when lying

prefrontal cortices, amygdala, and the anterior cingulate cortex

Much of our emotions are…

linked to the context in which the emotion is experienced

__ do not explain our different emotional experiences to different situations

Autonomic responses

One theory proposes that there are __ emotions, grouped in four pairs of opposites

Eight

While facial expressions are interpreted similarly across many cultures…

They are not universal

In the __ hypothesis, it has been suggested that certain facial expression can actually influence our mood or state of mind

Facial feedback hypothesis

Facial expressions in __ play even more of a role in social interactions and are less open to interpretation

Nonhuman primates

The __ of the forebrain is associated with reward and pleasure sensations

Nucleus accumbens

The NucAcc receives dopaminergic input from the __ of the midbrain

Ventral tegmental area

The __ is composed of interconnected structures that include mammilary bodies, anterior thalamus, the cingulate cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the fornix

Limbic system (papez circuit)

The limbic system has been implicated with various aspects of emotions including __

fear

__ is a condition in which the amygdala has been damaged or removed, to yield a reduction in fear and aggression

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

The __ is a key structure in the mediation of fear and can receive sensory information related “fear” directly from the thalamus

amygdala

The __ processes emotion differently, but no happy or sad center

Cerebral hemisphere

Damage to the __ tends to produce more depressive-like states

left hemisphere

Damage to the __ tends to result in being cheerful and indifferent to loss

right hemisphere

Injections of __ into the right hemisphere elicits smiling and euphoria

Sodium amytal

The difference in the two hemispheres to emotion can be observed in the asymmetry of the face, with most stating the __ seems more “emotional”

left side

__ is a behavior intended to do harm to others, but this harm can be either natural or uncontrollable

Aggression

In humans, males are __ than females to display aggression

more likely

In mice, removing testosterone usually reduces aggression, but the relationship in human is __

much less clear

Studies suggest that reduced activity in the __ may explain the impulsive behavior in psychopaths

prefrontal cortex

It has been suggested that some forms of violence and aggression are a result of __

Temporal lobe disorders

Sympathetic activation is part of the “fight or flight”, and includes activation of the…

inner and outer adrenal glands

The __ releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

Adrenal gland

The hypothalamus signals the __ to release ACTH

Anterior pituitary

The anterior pituitary releases ACTH that acts on the __ to release cortisol

Outer adrenal gland

__ acts to influence energy stores as well as immune function, and acts in a feedback mechanism on the hypothalamus

Cortisol

The __ is the core of the adrenal gland and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenal medulla

The outer part of the adrenal gland is the __ and it releases cortisol

Adrenal cortex

Hormones __ during times of social stress

Increase

Stress and depression can suppress __

Immune function

__ such as cortisol act to directly suppress various aspects of immune function

Adrenal steroids