Key Concepts in Chemistry and Chemical Reactions

Group

Vertical column in the periodic table.

Period

Horizontal row in the periodic table.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom.

Mass Number

Total number of protons and neutrons.

Electron Configuration

Arrangement of electrons in an atom.

Compounds

Two or more different atoms chemically bonded.

Ionic Compounds

Formed from metal and non-metal atoms.

Electron Transfer

Process where electrons move between atoms.

Cation

Positively charged ion from electron donation.

Anion

Negatively charged ion from electron acceptance.

Chemical Formula

Representation of a compound's elements and ratios.

Covalent Bonding

Bond formed by sharing electrons between non-metals.

Bohr Model

Visual representation of electron arrangement.

Endothermic Reactions

Absorb energy, feel cold to touch.

Exothermic Reactions

Release energy, feel hot to touch.

Activation Energy

Minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur.

Chemical Reactions

Transformation of substances into new materials.

Combustion

Reaction with oxygen, producing heat and light.

Corrosion

Metal reaction with oxygen, forming rust.

Decomposition

Single reactant breaks down into multiple products.

Precipitation

Formation of an insoluble solid from solutions.

Collision Theory

Reactions occur when particles collide effectively.

Rate of Reaction

Speed at which reactants convert to products.

Temperature Effect

Higher temperature increases collision frequency.

Concentration Effect

More particles lead to more collisions.

Surface Area Effect

Smaller pieces react more readily than large chunks.

Catalyst

Substance that speeds up reactions without consumption.

Risk Assessment

Identifying hazards and prevention strategies in experiments.

Hypothesis

Educated guess predicting the experiment's outcome.

Result Table

Organized data showing independent and dependent variables.

Graph

Visual representation of data relationships and patterns.

Discussion

Analysis of results, reliability, validity, and accuracy.

Conclusion

Summary linking results to the hypothesis.