Psychology and Sleep: Key Concepts and Learning Strategies

What is a characteristic of nightmares?

Nightmares are typically associated with negative emotions and can disrupt sleep.

Who is most likely to suffer from sleep apnea?

Individuals who are overweight or have certain anatomical features are more likely to suffer from sleep apnea.

What level of awareness is illustrated by a patient anesthetized before surgery?

The patient is in a state of reduced awareness or unconsciousness.

What does rapid eye movement during sleep indicate in a child?

It indicates that the child is likely in REM sleep.

What is true of REM sleep?

REM sleep is associated with vivid dreaming and increased brain activity.

What issue might be indicated if a person suddenly falls to the floor while entering REM sleep?

This may indicate a problem with sleep regulation, such as narcolepsy.

What is an example of a controlled process in psychology?

Typing a text message without looking at the keypad.

What does falling asleep suddenly while talking to a friend suggest?

It suggests a possible sleep disorder, such as narcolepsy.

What does the divided consciousness view of hypnosis assume?

It assumes that hypnosis involves a split in awareness, allowing for simultaneous experiences.

What is likely true about an individual suffering from sleep apnea?

They may experience disrupted sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness.

What conclusion can be drawn from Richard Davidson's study of meditation and the brain?

Meditation can lead to changes in brain function and structure.

What is continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning?

It is a schedule where a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

What is true of a variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement is provided after varying amounts of time, promoting steady responses.

How is classical conditioning best described?

It is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.

What occurs in operant conditioning when a behavior is no longer reinforced?

The behavior decreases in frequency.

What does a driver buckling their seatbelt to stop an annoying buzzer illustrate?

It illustrates negative reinforcement.

What does a student watching a professional receive an award and feeling motivated to act similarly illustrate?

It illustrates observational learning.

What explains why an adult feels the effects of wine only in a bar?

It is best explained by context-dependent memory.

What is the reinforcement strategy used by a teacher who rewards students with stickers for attention?

The teacher is using a token economy.

What is true of a variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable number of responses.

What is a true statement about positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

It increases the likelihood of a behavior by providing a rewarding stimulus.

What is true of unconditioned stimuli in classical conditioning?

They naturally elicit a response without prior learning.

What does the retention process in observational learning involve?

It involves the learner remembering the behavior they observed.

What describes the reinforcement element in observational learning?

It involves the observer seeing the consequences of the model's behavior.

What is an example of a student studying while listening to music?

It is an example of multitasking.

What does long-term potentiation explain?

It explains how synaptic connections strengthen with repeated stimulation, enhancing memory.

What is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding?

Divided attention can impair the encoding of information into memory.

What is likely to happen if Kiva injured her cerebellum?

She may experience difficulties with implicit memory and motor skills.

What is a good suggestion for effective studying?

Use active learning techniques, such as summarizing and self-testing.

What type of task is asking a witness to describe a suspect to a sketch artist?

It is a recall task, while identifying a suspect from a lineup is a recognition task.

What is true of long-term memory?

It has a large capacity and can store information for extended periods.

What strategy would help a student encode material well for a final exam?

Using mnemonic devices and elaborative rehearsal.

What is true of brain structures and memory functions in long-term memory?

Different brain areas are involved in various types of long-term memory.

Why does rehearsal not work well for long-term retention?

Because it often leads to shallow processing of information.

What is true of memory storage in the brain?

Memory storage involves changes in synaptic strength and neural connections.

What creative-thinking trait is demonstrated by a tattoo artist investing in a studio?

It demonstrates risk-taking and entrepreneurial spirit.

At what age range does a child typically develop the ability to ask 'why' questions?

Around 2 to 3 years old.

What creative-thinking trait is shown by a content writer seeking feedback?

It demonstrates openness to criticism and a desire for improvement.

What is a student doing when they use subgoals to organize tasks for studying?

They are employing goal-setting strategies to enhance task management.

What do critics of Benjamin Whorf's work maintain?

They argue that language does not strictly determine thought.

What language milestone should a two-year-old meet according to a doctor?

They should be able to use simple two-word phrases.

What does a correlation between a job-satisfaction scale and job satisfaction demonstrate?

It demonstrates a relationship between two variables, not causation.

What step is a student taking when they review what went well and what didn't after a semester?

They are engaging in self-reflection for future improvement.

What is an example of a student assuming a classmate is smart based on their appearance?

It is an example of a stereotype.

What is a student doing when they schedule study times and divide work by topic?

They are employing time management and organizational skills.

What is true of inductive reasoning?

It involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations.

What is true about algorithms in problem-solving?

They are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution if followed correctly.

Who is most likely to have an organic intellectual disability?

An individual with a genetic condition or brain injury affecting cognitive function.