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Science practices: perspectives, ethics and research
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Confirmation bias
Finding support for previously held beliefs
EX: Global warming? But it’s cold outside
Cultural norms
shared expectations and rules guiding behavior in a society that influence how people think, act, and interact with one another
EX: Dress codes
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
EX: Father telling daughter that he “knew all along” that her bf was bad news after they break up
Overconfidence
A behavior that should be avoided in psychology, often leads us to quick— rather than correct— thinking
EX:(Rahnev, 2020) test of unscrambling words, most people thought they could solve it in ten seconds, when the average was 3 minutes.
Confidentiality
An important part of any study, Psychologists should keep data or observation about a participant exclusive to practice ethical research
Debriefing
The post-experimental explanation of a study including its purpose and any deception, to its participants.
EX: researchers should inform participants after if there was a research Confederate
Informed consent/assent
Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate (assent for minors)
EX:researchers inform participants what devices will be used in a study and the participant has the choice to enter the study or not
Institutional review
To enforce ethical standards, universities and research organizations have established institutional review boards comprised of at least five people, which must include one scientist, one non-scientist and one community representative
Protection from harm
In order to conduct a ethical study, researchers should protect participants from greater-than-usual harm or discomfort
Research confederates
Researchers aids who pretend to be fellow participants but are actually part of the experiment. But only when they believe it is essential to a justifiable end
EX:understanding and controlling violent behavior or studying mood swings
Behavioral view
Emphasizes the power of the environment to influence behavior
Reward and punishment
work=money
Psychodynamic view
Emphasizes unconscious memories, needs, and conflicts as the causes of behavior
The past shapes the future
Someone kills another because they were abused in the past
Humanistic View
Emphasizes self-concept, free choice, and the potential for growth as the source of behavior
Maximizing potential
Hallway example:choosing your own path
cognitive view
emphasizes conscious thought, perception, and information processing as the causes of behavior
increase mindfulness:feeling and logic
To kill someone for revenge:memory
Sociocultural view
emphasizes social interaction and the cultural context of behavior
Race, gender, faith, and modeling
Women usually want to date someone taller than them
Biological View
Emphasizes the influence of genetics and of physical processes occurring in the brain and the hormone system