Gemara Semester 2 Test - Stein

Tanaim (When lived, where, what they did, examples of people)

When: 0-200; after 2nd Beit Hamikdash destruction

Where: Israel

What: wrote Mishna, Brita (rulings of the Tanaim not included in the Mishna)

Examples: רבי אליעזר; רב יהושע; הלל ושמאי; רבן גמליאל - ( Rabban Gamliel promoted unity and "לא מחלוקת בישראל")

Amoraim (When lived, where, what they did, examples of people)

When: 200-500

Where: Israel; בּבל (Iran/Iraq)

What: wrote the Gemara (analysis of the Mishna)

Examples: שמואל; רבי יוסף; ריטבא

Rishonim (When lived, where, what they did, examples of people)

When: 1000-1500

Where: spread thru Western Europe

What: commentary/analysis of Gemara

Examples: (born in Spain-> died in Egypt)- רשי; רמבן- (born Germany died in France); רמבם (lived from 1204-1245, 41yrs); בעלי תוספות- ( 1250-1350, France, "the additions" (additional analysis), רבינו תם was a Tosfot

What did the בעלי תוספות / רבינו תם write? Rishonim pt 2

Rishonim

1. יד החזקה - Strong 14 / Mishna Torah

2. Code of Law: מורה נבוכים - Guide to the Perplexed (philosophy)

3. פירוש המשניות - commentary of the Mishna

What was Rav Yosef Karo's response to the Spanish Inquisition according to Rabbi Yisrael Mayer Kagen?

Recovering what was lost by writing the שולחן ערוך (code of law written by Rav Yosef Karo)

Acharonim (When lived, where, what they did, examples of people)

When: 1500-1940

Where: Eastern Europe (Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Ukraine, etc...)

What: wrote commentary on שולחן ערוך (code of law written by Rav Yosef Karo)

Examples: רבי ישראל מאיר קיגן who wrote משנה ברורה/הילכות שבת (1907)

חפץ חיים

Shulchan Aruch (When lived, where and who, what they did)

When: 1550's

Where & Who: Israel, צפת - Rav Yosef Karo; Poland - רמא (Rav Moshe Isrelis)

What: Rav Yosef Karo created the code of law/ שולחן ערוך

Vocab words: נגח

"to gore" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: נזק

"damage" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: ראיה

"evidence/proof" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: תניא

"it was taught in a Brita" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: נמי

"also" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: הכי

"this" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: מניין

"from where" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: שנאמר

"as it was said" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: מתקיף

"to attack/contradict" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: הא

"behold" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: קרא

"a passuk/text" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: אזיל

"to go" (בבא קמא מו:)

Vocab words: גופיא

"itself" (סנהדרין עד:)

Vocab words: מנא

"from where" (סנהדרין עד:)

Vocab words: אתא

"to come/arrive" (סנהדרין עד:)

Vocab words: קמיה

"before him" (סנהדרין עד:)

Vocab words: זיל

"go!" (סנהדרין עד:)

Vocab words: קטליה

"kill him" (סנהדרין עד:)

Vocab words: טפי

"more" (סנהדרין עד:)

Vocab words: דילמא

"perhaps/maybe" (סנהדרין עד:)

Vocab words: כיצד

"how" (ברכות לה:)

Vocab words: הני מילי (ה״נ)

"these words" (ברכות לה:)

Vocab words: מיבעי

"required" (ברכות לה:)

Vocab words: חד

"one" (ברכות לה:)

Vocab words: הדר

"afterwards" (ברכות לה:)

Vocab words: אידך

"the other" (ברכות לה:)

Vocab words: מעל

"to steal (from G-d)" (ברכות לה:)

Vocab words: כזית

"volume of an olive size" (רמב״ם ברכות א:א)

Vocab words: דברי סופרים

"words of scholars" (רמב״ם ברכות א:ב)

Vocab words: כל שהוא

"any amount" (רמב״ם ברכות א:ב)

Key Phrases - Definition, significance, source: ‏שור תם

Definition: "innocent/gentle cow" - not worn with a history of damage

Significance: only liable for 50% damages

Source: (בבא קמא מו:)

Key Phrases - Definition, significance, source: שור מועד

Definition: "repeatedly dangerous cow" - history of violent behavior (3x pattern)

Significance: liable for 100% damages

Source: (בבא קמא מו:)

Key Phrases - Definition, significance, source: ‏חולקין

Definition: "to divide/split"

Significance: in situations of doubt, split it. - סומכוס's position

(because you don't know whose fault it is)

Source: (בבא קמא מו:)

Key Phrases - Definition, significance, source: ‏המוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה

Definition: "if you want to take from someone else, you must have evidence" (חכמים's opinion)

Significance: you have to have evidence because ppl can lie

Source: (בבא קמא מו:)

Key Phrases - Definition, significance, source: סברא הוא/היא

Definition: "it is logical"

Significance: logic has the power to create laws

Source: (בבא קמא מו:)

Key Phrases - Definition, significance, source: ‏יהרג ואל יעבור

Definition: "you shall be killed, do not break them"

Significance: cannot break 3 cardinal sins: adultery, idolatry, murder (רוצח)

- super דאורייתא

Source: (סנהדרין עד:)

Key Phrases - Definition, significance, source: ‏פיקוח נפש

Definition: "to save a life"

Significance: you are allowed to break MOST דאורייתא laws to save a life. (except for cardinal sins)

Source: (סנהדרין עד:)

Key Phrases - Definition, significance, source: ‏קודש הילולים לה׳

Definition: "they are Holy, give praise to G-d"

Significance: the Gemara tried to use this as a source for the law of ברכות, but it ultimately teaches us that we must desanctify fruit.

Source: (ברכות לה:)

Key Phrases - Definition, significance, source: ‏חילול (פדיון)

Definition: "desanctify"

Significance: if you want to use something Holy, you must desanctify

- exchange it for its monetary value.

Source: (ברכות לה:)

Key Phrases - Definition, significance, source: ‏מעילה

Definition: "stealing theft (from G-d)"

Significance: if you don't say a blessing on your food, you are stealing from G-d.

Source: (ברכות לה:)

How much does an owner have to pay if his/her ‏שור תם causes damage?

50%, as long as they have proof.

How much does an owner have to pay if his/her ‏שור מועד causes damage?

100%, as long as there is proof.

Under what circumstances can you violate a דאורייתא law?

‏פיקוח נפש = saving a life, except for ‏יהרג ואל יעבור, the three cardinal sins.

What are the three "‏יהרג ואל יעבור" laws?

The three cardinal sins are:

- adultery

- idolatry

- murder רוצח

Does one always have to make a ברכה אחרונה after eating? Explain.

- No, only if one has had a כזית. (a significant amount)

- If one has eaten a crumb, where they're still hungry, it is less than a כזית.

Does one always have to make a ברכה ראשונה before eating? Explain.

Yes, it's asking G-d for permission/please to eat His food.

Review - summary/content, concepts/big ideas: (בבא קמא מו:)

Summary/Content:

1) Ox gores cow, but unsure how the baby cow was killed...

2) 50% for cow, 25% for baby cow...

3) "When in doubt, split it." - ‏זו דברי סומכוס ("חולקין")

*1/2 of 50% in this case = 25%...

4) But ‏חכמים say: "‏המוציא מחברו עליו הראייה" - "You must have evidence when bringing it to a person." ...

5) תניא נמי הכי - "This was also taught in a Brita"

6) סברא הוא! - "It is logical!"

- Type of סברא: common sense - "When in pain, go to the doctor"; Status of סברא: is דאורייתא; Role of סברא :סברא creates laws...

7) Source/‏מניין of "‏המוציא מחברו עליו הראייה"? It's logic! - Rav Ashi

Concepts/Big Ideas:

2- "repeatedly dangerous cow" pay full ‏שור תם/‏שור מועד "innocent/gentle cow" pay half

3- חולקין/‏יחלוקו - "to split" when in doubt split

4- "‏המוציא מחברו עליו הראייה"

"You must have evidence when bringing it to a person."

Review - summary/content, concepts/big ideas: (סנהדרין עד:)

Summary/Content:

1) What is the source for murder being part of "‏יהרג ואל יעבור"

2) סברא הוא! - "It is logical!"

3) ex. Mary Durai threatened to kill me unless I kill so-and-so.

4) "You shall die, do not kill" - Rava (bc of cardinal sins)

5)Because... we cannot weigh the value of human life.

Concepts/Big Ideas:

1- "‏יהרג ואל יעבור" is the 3 cardinal sins. You can violate דאורייתא laws in order to "save a life" - ‏פיקוח נפש, EXCEPT for the 3 cardinal sins.

2- Type of סברא: moral reasoning; Status of סברא: super דאורייתא; Role of סברא :סברא expands a law

5- ״‏מי יימר דדמא דידך סומק טפי״ - "Who says that your blood is redder than others?"

Review - summary/content, concepts/big ideas: (ברכות לה:)

Summary/Content:

1) Mishna says: make Brachot on food before eating.

2) Gemara asks: What's the source for this law? (from Brita)

3) Answer #1: pasuk - "קודש הילולים לה׳" - "they are Holy, give praise to G-d"

4) Challenge: this pasuk cannot be Brachot's source bc it's already needed as the source of desanctification.

5) Rather, the source for the obligation to make Brachot is סברא.

6) כל הנהנה מן העולם הזה בלא ברכה מעל״" - "Anyone who benefits from this world without saying a Bracha is stealing from G-d." - Rambam

Concepts/Big Ideas:

1- Brachot: העץ, האדמה, שהכל, הגפן, etc...

- כזית, achrona, rishona

3- *ערלה - In Israel, you can't eat fruit from the tree in the first three years. *נטע רבעי - you can eat the fruit in the 4th year... bc of desanctification

4- not using a pasuk twice,

*שירה ‏ - Levi'im would sing when קורבנות were brought out.

- Type of סברא: religious reasoning; Status of סברא: (Rambam) - דרבנן; Role of סברא :סברא creates a law

Review - summary/content, concepts/big ideas:

(רמב״ם הלכות ברכות א:א-ב)

Summary/Content:

1) ברכות is דרבנן

2) We make ברכה ראשונה on any food we eat, always.

3) We only make ‏ברכה אחרונה on foods that satisfy us, a כזית "volume of an olive size"

Concepts/Big Ideas:

2- Like a please

3- Like a thank you

How do laws get made in Halakha?

- סברא

- Text, precedent, consensus (TPC)

- majority/chachamim

- minhag/the people

What can סברא do within the Halakhic system?

- create/expand

Bava Kama: create

Sanhedrin: expand

Brachot: create

What is the status of laws that are shaped by סברא?

both - דרבנן and דאורייתא

Are all types of סברא the same?

Not all types of סברא are the same, each Gemara has different types. Bava Kama was common sense, Sanhedrin is moral reasoning, Brachot is religious reasoning.

Is סברא part of the halakhic process or separate from it?

סברא is apart of the Halakhic process bc it helps us create and expand on laws, helps us make choices.