APUSH U4 LEQ Prep

Contextualization

• Mostly agrarian and rural but manufacturing and commerce on the rise especially in the North

• Subsistence/Semi-Subsistence Farming

• Work done at home and on own time

• Westward movement because of cheap and abundant land which was minimized in New England

• Isolated from eastern markets since can’t buy manu products or sell their agri products due to scarce and expensive trade over land and out of the way trade on ocean

• Led to the creation of innovations that opened up a new efficient, organized, and interconnected economy

Causation

• Manufacturing became more efficient

  • Interchangeable parts

    • American system of manufacturing

  • Steam engine

  • Agricultural Tech

    • Steel Plow

    • Cotton Gin

    • Mechanical Reaper

• Manufacturing became more organized

  • Factory system

  • Telegraph

• Government support

  • Infrastructure

    • Roads

    • Canals

    • Railroads

    • Court Cases

      • McCullough v. Maryland

      • Gibbons v Ogden

      • Charles River Bridge Case

    • Limited Liability Corporation

    • General incorporation laws

Effects

• Connecting regional economies, specialization, and interdependency

• Buying and selling instead of subsistence to survive

• People set out West to escape factory working economy

• More businesses financed and created

• Urbanization

• Larger market with increased efficiency and organization so demand for land and commercialization of agriculture grew in the West

• Infrastructure mostly just connected North and West, leaving South with fewer opportunities to benefit from increased interconnection

Changes

• Urbanization

  • Location along busy trade routes

    • Significant immigration

      • Cities

      • Cheap labor in factories

• Social Stratification

  • Business Elite

  • Middle Class

  • Working Class

• Gender and Family

  • No work

  • Separate Places

  • Different role

    • Cult of domesticity

    • Republican Motherhood

• Work

  • “Putting out” system

  • Gathered together

• Trancendentalists

  • Redefine freedom as remaking oneself and the world

Continuities

• Persistent agrarian economy in the South

• Ongoing reliance on slave labor

• Persistent social classes, gender, and racism

• Still primarily rural

• Land expansion

• Ongoing debates over government power

Interchangeable Parts

• Interchangeable Parts: allow for easy repairs since all models were uniform

  • Cheaper to mass-produce these types of products

American System of Manufacturing

• American System of Manufacturing: More efficient mass production of goods through interchangeable parts.

  • Factory (water powered)

  • Division of Labor

    • Unskilled workers fed raw materials to machines/kept machines running

    • Making goods cheaper and quicker to produce

Steam Engine

• Steam Engine

  • Power through burning coal and heating water

  • Moving factories away from rivers in East and to places near markets and raw materials in the West

Steel Plow

• Steel Plow: No more wooden tools; lightweight steel plow that would break through soil at a faster pace

  • Planting more efficient

  • By John Deere

Cotton Gin

• Cotton Gin: Sped up process of separating cotton seeds and fibers

  • Boosted Southern cotton economy

Mechanical Reaper

• Mechanical Reaper: Allow farmer to do the harvesting work of 5 men using hand tools

  • Boosted Western agriculture and greater productivity for western farmers working in food production

Efficiency and Productivity skyrocketed

• Efficiency + Productivity skyrocketed

  • Increased demand for land and therefore commercialization of agriculture in the West (agriculture for business)

Factory

• Factory

  • Increased productivity and speed of production

  • Organized manner to sell goods out to consumers

  • Gathered workers together in one place and split up tasks

    • Faster and more efficient production

Telegraph

• Telegraph

  • A device using short electrical signals to communicate at a distance.

    • Distant cities and markets allowed to communicate almost instantly

      • Great interdependence on regional business partnerships

        • More info = more robust markets

Roads

• Roads

  • Lancaster Turkpike: first major engineered road constructed in the U.S.

    • Penn Gov couldn’t afford so they passed a policy approving the road and its construction by a private company who was earning revenue through tolls

    • Connected urban Philly with Penn farmland in Lancaster

      • Cutting cost of transport of wheat and other crops

  • Cumberland Road/National Road:

    • Long; connected several states

    • Rare interstate road project from federal gov

Canals

• Canals

  • Shipping on water was the best way of transport to distant markets

  • Transport much cheaper and efficient

  • Steamboats

  • Early 19th century, U.S. built canals everywhere

    • Erie Canal started the craze, connecting Albany to Buffalo, facilitating water based trade across NY state and growing cities along like NYC and Rochester.

      • 3000 miles of canals built

Railroads

• Railroads

  • Becoming the most efficient means of regional economic interconnection

  • Steam powered trains

  • Goods transported quickly and cheaply across US

    • Caused and further fostered the Market Rev

• The infrastructure mostly connected North and West

  • Leaving South fewer opportunities to benefit from increasing interconnection.

Court Cases

• Court Cases

  • McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

    • Maryland tried to levy tax on National Bank

    • SC denied attempt

    • Gave FED power to create conditions for rapid market growth

      • Stable Currency

      • Regulation of interstate commerce

  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

    • SC struck down NY state law that granted a private CO a monopoly on trade between NY and NJ

    • Constituion granted power to regulated interstate commerce to FED not state govs

  • Charles River Bridge Case

    • Further protected the ability for there to be more businesses and encourage competition like Gibbons vs Ogden

Modern Banking Systems

• More modern banking systems

  • Limited Liability Corporation

    • Finance business ventures without personally responsible for losses other than their own

  • General incorporation laws passed by states which made it easier to create corporations

Effect: Improved national economy

• Improved national economy

  • Connecting regional economies, making them more dependent on one another

Effect: Regions in the economy

• Encouraged regional specialization and interdependence

  • Each region produced what they are best at producing and import whatever goods they needed from other regions

  • Each relied on everyone else

Urbanization

Location, significant immigration, immigrants in cities, immigrants connected to market rev

Location

• Location:

  • Cities along busy trade routes grew rapidly

    • New infrastructure connected the various regions

    • Rural people becoming more connected to cities

    • Used transportation networks to send agri goods to cities and manu goods back to rural areas

Significant Immigration

• Significant immigration:

  • More than 2 million European immigrants arrived

    • Irish, German, Scandinavian

Immigrants in Cities

• Immigrants settled in cities

  • To find work in growing industrial sector

  • Cities became more ethnically/religiously diverse

Immigrants connected to market rev

• Connected to Market Rev

  • Immigrants provided cheap labor for Northern factories

  • Cheap labor powered rev

Social stratification:

• Social Stratification

  • Most indus and agri goods were made for others to buy and sell on distant markets

  • More Americans workings on wages and therefore bought most of food and clothes they needed to survive (working class)

Working Class

• Working Class

  • Largest

  • Low wage, factory working urban Americans

  • Bad working conditions

  • Immigrants (irish) worked in jobs that Americans weren’t willing to take

    • Boosted economy via Market Rev

    • Sparked nativism: a movement to protect the interests of native born people against the influence of immigrants.

      • Concerned with Catholicism in Protestant America

Working Class Women

• Young working women

  • Manu towns in New England

    • Lowell, Mass.

  • Got young farm girls from the country who had to follow strict rules as they lived in the towns and worked in the factories

    • supposed to be an exciting opportunity

  • Working conditions worsened so Lowell girls and other womens joined together in Lowell Female Labor Reform Association; first womens labor union in US

    • Lots of pressure on Mass legislature

Workers activism

• Working Man’s Parties or Unions created

  • Calling for higher wages and better working conditions

Middle Class

• Middle Class

  • Emerged as a direct result of industrialization

  • Not as wealth as elite, but wealthier than working class

  • “Intangible work”: lawyers, teachers, doctors (knowledge work)

  • Managers of working class

  • Developed own set of values

    • Strong education

    • Reglious affiliation

    • Sobriety

    • Gender Roles and Family Structure

Business Elite

• Business Elite

  • Owners of factories or shipping companies

    • Played essential part in REV

Gender and Family switch

• Gender and Family

  • Men should earn enough $ to support whole family = women shouldn’t have to work

Women vs Men Spheres

• Separate Spheres:

  • Men - work outside home

  • Female - domestic work inside home

• This arrangement was the definition of liberty and independence

• Homes:

  • Men- study with friends

  • Women- kitchen with friends

• Not present in working class, just middle class

Women’s role

• Cult of domesticity:

  • Being a woman defined a new role as this:

    • Raise virtuous children

    • Provide husband with perfectly-kept home

    • Purchasers and shoppers in consumer economy

Extension of Republican Motherhood

Landscape of Work

• Small scale production of clothes and other goods done in home largely by women

• “Putting out system”: Industrial production worked this way as well at first

  • Factories produce some of products and then the finishing was sold out to people working in houses

  • More efficient to gather people together

• Seasons and hours to define work; now its the clock

• Made possible for more people to do industrial work, mostly women because they were cheaper to employ since not seen as family’s sole breadwinner

• Price (what they produced) vs wage (how much time they worked regardless of what they produced)

  • Undermined freedom since dependent on employers

• Led to westward movement (4.5 million + 6 states)

  • Lack of work led to women + immigrants used

Transcendalists

• Transcendalists

  • Redefine freedom in new world of new work

    • Freedom=power to remake oneself and the world