Chemistry 2, Mid Year Exam

Aliphatic

Without Benzene Rings

Homologous Series

Similar structure but different formulas

Highest Priority In Order PLZ

1. Carboxylic Acids (-oic acid)

2. Esters (-oate)

3. Amide (-amide)

4. Aldehyde (-al)

5. Ketone (-one)

6. Alcohol (-ol)

7. Thiol (-thiol)

8. Amine (-amine)

9. Alkene (-ene)

10. Alkyne (-yne)

11. Alkane (-ane)

Draw All of the General Structures (11)

General Formula for Alkane/ Cycloalkanes

CnH2n + 2

General Formula for an Alkyl Group

CnH2n + 1 (but we still use ‘-ane’)

Oxidation

Reduction

Substitution

Addion

Elimination

Becoming a Smaller Version of Itself

Cracking/ Decomposition

Rearrangement

Isomerisation

Initiation

Formation of free radicals

Propagation

• The chlorine free radical reacts with the alkane to form hydrogen chloride and an alkyl free radical

• The alky free radical keeps reacting with molecules of chlorine to form another chlorine free radical and an alkyl halide

Termination

Making Alkenes

Dehydration and cracking (making a smaller molecules) from alcohol

Getting Rid of Alkenes

Hydrogenation (adding H)

Halogenation (adding F, Cl, Br, I)

Unsymmetrical added to Alkene

2 Produces are theoretically possible (Markovnikov’s Rule= The rich get richer)

Baeyer Test

Look for double or triple bonds in an unknown sample

(Should turn brown)

Boiling Points

• Amount of carbons in the chain (more=higher boiling) (branched will be lower)

• Type of forces

Solubility

• Amount of carbon chain (more=lower solubility)

• polarity

Dimethyl Benzenes Special Name

Oxidation of Alcohols

Alkanes → Primary Alcohols → Aldehydes → Carboxylic Acid

Secondary Alcohols → Ketones

Ester + Water = ?

Ester + Water = = Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid

Alkyl Halide + Water = ?

Alkyl Halide + Water = Alcohol + Salt

Phenol

Tollens, Fehings, and Benedicts tests

Positive for Aldehydes and Negative for Ketones

Ester + Base (NaOH) = ?

Ester + Base (NaOH) = Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol

Tricylglcerols

Fats from animals and oils from plants

Saponification

Soap is made from hydrolysis of Tricylglcerols

Soap and Detergents

Stearic, Palmitic and Lauric Acids

C17, C15, C11

Carboxylic Acid + Ammonia (NH3) = ?

Carboxylic Acid + Ammonia (NH3) = Amide + Water