Exam 3

transportation, regulation, protection

3 general functions of blood

plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

4 parts that make up the composition of blood

55%, 45%

percent plasma in blood, percent RBCs in blood

water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, waste, hormones

composition of blood plasma mixture (6 things)

granulocytes, agranulocytes

the 2 classes of leukocytes (WBCs)

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

3 types of granulocytes

neutrophil

type of granulocyte; the most abundant WBC, aggressive antibacterial response: phagocytize, release toxic chemicals; 12 hours life cycle

eosinophils

type of granulocyte making up 2-4% WBC population; involved in allergic response

basophils

type of granulocyte making up less than .5% WBC population; involved in inflammation and allergic reaction by secreting histamine and heparin to recruit other WBCs

histamine, heparin

two molecules released by basophils in allergic/inflammatory reaction

monocytes, lymphocytes

the 2 types of agranulocytes

monocytes (macrophages)

type of agranulocyte; destroy pathogens and dead host cells, process and present foreign antigens; innate immunity

lymphocytes

type of agranulocyte; mount immune response against viruses; adaptive immunity

natural killer cells, T cells, B cells

3 classes of lymphocytes

Natural killer cells

type of lymphocyte involved in innate immunity; hunt virus-infected cells; do not have antigen specific cell surface receptor

t-cells

type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus; fights pathogens directly and stimulates other immune cells

helper T cells

type of t cell that directs B cell and cytotoxic t cells to action

cytotoxic T cells

type of t cell that directly kills infected cells

memory T cell

store memory of pathogens

B cells

type of lymphocyte that matures in bone marrow; makes antibodies against specific pathogens

plasma cells

mature B cells that secrete antibodies into blood

memory b cells

type of b cell that store memory of pathogen

innate immunity

body's 1st response: physical barriers, mechanical barriers, chemical defenses, inform adaptive immune system

adaptive immunity

immune response activated by exposure to pathogens, uses immunological memory to mount appropriate response

1. Encounter 2. Activation 3. Proliferation and Differentiation 4. Attack and Memory Formation

4 steps of adaptive immune response

cortisol

the stress hormone that dampens the immune system

platelets

component of blood; cell fragments that promote coagulation

megakaryotes

the origin cells of platelets located in the bone marrow

constrict broken vessels, promote blood clots, attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation

3 functions of platelets through secretion of certain chemicals

erythrocytes

red blood cells; biconcave shaped allowing it to load and unload gases

hemoglobin

protein that allows red blood cells to bind oxygen

hematocrit

ratio of red blood cells / whole blood

mediastinum

central component of the thoracic cavity located between the two pulmonary cavities (lungs)

transverse thoracic plane (TTP)

connects the sternal angle anteriorly and the T4/T5 intervertebral disc posteriorly; divides in superior and inferior

superior mediastinum, inferior mediastinum

two divisions of the mediastinum

anterior, middle, posterior

three divisions of the inferior mediastinum

thymus, great vessels, nerves, viscera

4 contents of the superior mediastinum

brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, aorta

the types of great vessels located in the superior mediastinum

airway, alimentary tract, associated lymph

3 types of viscera located in the superior mediastinum

anterior mediastinum

part of inferior mediastinum between sternum and pericardium; containing few structures (connective tissue, fat, lymphatic vessels)

heart, roots of great vessels, pericardium

3 contents of the middle inferior mediastinum

posterior mediastinum

part of inferior mediastinum at which structures pass through the thorax

esophagus, aorta, veins, nerves

structures that pass through the posterior mediastinum

pericardium

a fibrous sac containing the heart

restrict heart movement, prevent excessive dilation of heart

2 functions of the pericardium

serous pericardium

inner layer of the pericardium

fibrous pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium

large vessels exiting heart, diaphragm

superior attachment and inferior attachment of the fibrous pericardium

visceral, parietal

the 2 layers of the serous pericardium

pericardial cavity

space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

3 layers in the wall of the heart

epicardium

layer of the wall of the heart containing the visceral layer of pericardium and accumulated fat

myocardium

muscle layer of the wall of the heart composed of cardiac muscle

endocardium

layer of the wall of the heart composed of a simple squamous epithelial inner layer and a thin layer of connective tissue

myogenic

type of contraction of muscle cells, contraction without stimulation by the central nervous system

gap junctions

structure that connects cardiac muscles; allow for coordinated electrical stimulation

intercalated discs

location of gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava

two major veins bringing deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart

pulmonary arteries

blood vessel bringing deoxygenated blood to the lungs

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

pulmonary valve

a valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents blood from flowing from the artery back into the heart

pulmonary veins

blood vessel bringing oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart

bicuspid valve

valve between left atrium and left ventricle

aortic valve

valve between the left ventricle and the aorta; prevents blood from flowing from the aorta back into the heart

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinuses

3 structures in the venous system that bring blood into the right atrium

pectinate muscles

wall of atrium in right atrium

fossa ovalis

remnant of foramen ovale in right atrium (foramen connecting right and left atrium in fetus)

right auricle

feature of the right atrium that can increase the capacity of the atrium

trabeculae carnae

muscles ridges on the wall of the right ventricle; meshwork

papillary muscles

feature of the right ventricle attached to chordae tendinae; contract moments before ventricle wall to tighten the chordae tendinae

chordae tendinae

feature of the right ventricle that stabilizes valve cusps holding the valve closed during ventricular contraction

moderator band

feature of right ventricle that parts electrical signal conduction

left ventricle

strongest and thickest chamber of the heart

SVC, IVC --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta

pathway of circulation of blood

coronary circulation

type of circulation pertaining to the blood supply of the heart itself

right and left coronary arteries

2 arteries originating from aorta that provides blood to heart

sinoatrial nodal artery, atrioventricular nodal artery artery, right marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery

arteries originating from the right coronary artery

right atrium, most of right ventricle, part of left ventricle, SA node, AV node, part of interventricular septum

regions of the heart that the right coronary artery supplies blood to

left anterior descending artery, circumflex artery, left marginal artery

arteries originating from the left coronary artery

left atrium, most of left ventricle, part of right ventricle, most of interventricular septum

regions of the heart that the left coronary artery supplies blood to

coronary artery occlusion

condition in which coronary artery is blocked by build up of plaque

ballo angioplasty

treatment for coronary artery occlusion

coronary sinus

drainage system for blood from heart; originate from coronary artery, drains into right atrium

sinoatrial node

located in the posterior of the right atria, the origin of muscle impulse that starts the heart beat

atrioventricular node

node at the inferior border of the right atria carrying the impulse from the AV node

bundle of His

structure at which the AV node carries the impulse to the walls of the ventricles

Purkinje fibers

branches of bundle of His

arrythmia

clinical condition in which the electrical conduction system fails to work correctly

atrial fibrillation

type of arrythmia where atria beats too fast, ventricle responds by slowing down

ventricular fibrillation

type of arrythmia in which the ventricles contract irregularly, pumps little to no blood; can lead to cardiac arrest

ascending aorta

part of aorta emerging from the left ventricle

aortic arch

the part of the aorta that arches and turns downward

descending aorta

part of the aorta that branches into the thoracic and abdominal aortae

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

the 3 main branches off the aorta

brachiocephalic trunk

the artery branching off of the aorta that diverges into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery

left common carotid artery

artery that is the middle branch directly off of the aorta

left subclavian artery

artery that is the left most (right on a diagram) branch off of the aorta

internal, external

2 branches from the common carotid artery

subclavian --> axillary --> brachial --> radial and ulnar

continuation pathway of upper limb arteries

axillary artery

artery that originates at the lateral border of rib 1 and ends at the lower border of teres major