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Peripheral nervous system
outside column, 12 cranial and 31 spinal nerves
Central Nervous System
inside column
brain and spinal cord
ANS
functionally, not anatomically separated
specialized structures provide internal homeostasis
Gray matter
made up of neuronal cell bodies
White matter
made up of neuronal axons
Tracts or fasciculus
collection of nerve axons that transmit similar information
only in CNS or peripheral n. in PNS
Afferent
towards reference cell or CNS
Efferent
away from reference cell or CNS
Butterfly gray matter
cell bodies and dendrites of spinal neurons and axons or axon terminals
Outside white matter
fibrous
axons carry information in both directions
types of glial cells
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, schwann cells
Astrocytes
CNS, supporting network, metabolic fxn, scars
Oligodendrocytes
CNS, form myelin
Ependymal cells
CNS, Line ventricles direct CSF flow
Schwann Cells
PNS, form myelin
Myencephalon
medulla
Mesencephalon
Midbrain
Metencephalon
Pons and cerebellum
Diencephalon
thalamus, etc.
Telencephalon
cerebrum and most of basal ganglia
Back up of CSF in babies
increase head size before skull fuses
Rostral to caudal CNS
diencephalon, midbrain,pons, medulla
Teratogenesis
process by which congenital malformations are produced in embryo or fetus
Pyramid location
swelling lying between fissure and sulcus on each side
Pyramid definition
composed of bundle of nerve fibers which originate in cerebral cortexes and descend to innervate neurons in CNS
Corticospinal tract
path for motor axons
corticobulbar tract
responsible for cranial nerves
Between pons and medulla
CN VI, VII, VIII
Hypoglossal n emerges
from ventral medulla posterior to pyramid
Gracile and cuneate nuclei fxn
helps shape receptive fields and send sensory info to thalamus
What cranial nerves are dorsal to olive
CN IX, X, XI
Where olive located and function
lateral surface medulla, motor learning
Gracile and cuneate nuclei location
closed medulla
Medulla internal features
gracile, cuneate, reticular, inferior olivary
Reticular nuclei location
Scattered throughout open and closed medulla
Reticular nuclei fxn
Cardiovascular regulation and pain modulation
Inferior olivary location
open medulla
Inferior olivary fxn
motor learning
Middle component of brain
pons
rostral boundary of pons
inferior colliculus
Ventral external features of pons
basilar groove, CN V
Dorsal external features of pons
4th ventricle, cut middle cerebellar peduncles
Internal features of pons
(ventral) pontine nuclei, longitudinal and transverse fibers
Transverse fibers
axons from pontine nuclei cross midline and form middle cerebellar peduncles
major relay station
Midbrain
most rostral portion of brain
connect pons and cerebellum with cerebral cortex
Ventral surface of midbrain connects
pons to mammillary bodies
Dorsal surface of midbrain connects
inferior colliculi to thalamus and pineal body
External ventral midbrain
Interpeduncular fossa bound by crus cerebri
What cranial nerves exit at external ventral midbrain
CN II, III
External Dorsal surface of Midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi
Cranial nerves at External Dorsal surface of Midbrain
CN IV
Internal midbrain
tectum and tegmentum
Tectum
roof to fourth ventricle, paired colliculi dorsal to aqueduct
Tegmentum
ventral to aqueduct, tracts, SN, cerebral peduncles
Cerebellar peduncles
3 pairs of large white matter fiber pathways
form lateral walls of 4th ventricles
Superior cerebellar peduncles
efferent fibers from cerebellum
attach to midbrain inferior to inf. colliculi
Middle cerebellar peduncles
afferent fibers destined for cerebellum
attached to lateral border of pons
External features of cerebellum
Vermis and flocculonodular lobes(ventral)
cerebellar nuclei
dentate, interposed(globose and emboliform), fastigial
Cerebellar nuclei function
involved with sensory and motor integration
Cerebellar functions
balance, muscle tone, coordination, rapid alternating movements, motor learning, movement initiation
Diencephalon location
rostral to midbrain, surrounded by cerebrum
4 functional areas of diencephalon
thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus
Group 1 functional nuclear groups of thalamus
Sensory
lateral and medial geniculate, posterolateral and posteromedial
Lateral geniculate
visual information integration
Medial geniculate
auditory information
Ventral posterolateral
sensory body
Ventral posteromedial
Face (sensory)
Group 2
motor
basal ganglia and cerebellum→motor control
Group 3
Limbic group
emotions and memory
Group 4 multimodal
complex processing of sensory info
Group 5 intralaminar
regulation of consciousness along with roles in movement control and pain
Thalamic dysfunction
significant sensory loss or distortion
Hypothalamus location
anterior/ventral to thalamus
Hypothalamus houses
mammillary bodies and pituitary gland
Hypothalamus function
regulating homeostasis
eating, temp., sleep, fluid, emotions, pituitary hormones
Subthalamus location
lies below thalamus
Subthalamic nucleus
functional part of basal ganglia
Dyskinesia, Parkinson’s
Epithalamus
most posterior
habenular trigones, single midline pineal body, habenular commisure
Habenular trigones
nuclei process olfactory, limbic, and autonomic info
emotion and smell
Pineal gland
lies between paired superior colliculi of midbrain
inhibits gonadal function, delays puberty
Telencephalon
C shaped development
cerebral cortex, surrounds diencephalon and parts of brainstem
Cerebral cortex surrounds
center of white matter fibers, lateral ventricles, diencephalon, basal ganglia
Inferior frontal lobe lies
anterior to cranial fossa
Inferior frontal gyri divide into
opercular, triangular, and orbital portions
language centers
Operculum
structure that closes or covers an aperture
Inferior aspect of frontal lobe
olfactory bulb, tract, stria
lateral aspect of parietal lobe
supramarginal and angular gyri
Inferior aspect of temporal lobe
parahippocampal gyrus and uncus(rostral end)
Secondary lobes
Limbic lobe: cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, subcallosal, amygdala, hippocampal formation
Basal ganglia
internal telencephalon
group of nuclei influences motor control, eye movement, cognition, and emotion
Caudate nucleus body
lies on thalamus
caudate nucleus head
floor and wall of lateral ventricle
caudate nucleus tail
temporal horn of lateral ventricle
White matter pathways
projection fibers, commissural fibers, Association fibers
Projection fibers
connect cortical structures with sub-cortical regions
ex. internal capsule
Commissural fibers
cross midline and connect sides of CNS
ex. corpus callosum
Association fibers
interconnect cortical regions within same hemisphere
Note 
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