Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Review

Perfusion

migration of fluid through a barrier; oxygen-poor vascular supply is perfumed to six billion capillaries that supply alveoli

Diffusion

'Gas Exchange' across the alveolar-capillary membrane, if this don't happen your cant breath

Respiration is a Force—->

Provides energy for oral communication

Respiration requires

Muscular effort

Efficiency

Depend on how individuals control their muscles of respiration

Respiratory cycles #'s

12 & 18 cycles of respiration pre minute

Quiet Tidal Respiration

Quiet flow of air into and out of lungs (what we do while sitting down in class) Males- 600mL, Females- 450mL

Minute Volume

Air involved in one minute of respiration

Newborns Breathe/Don't have

40-70 cycles per minute/Reserve air

Reserve air

Adults has a volume of air that is never expelled. Also called residual volume(RV)

Tidal Volume

(TV) Volume we breathe in during respiratory cycle

inspiratory Reserve Volume

(IRV) Air inspired beyond tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume

(ERV) air expired beyond tidal volume

Residual Volume

(RV) volume remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation

Dead Space Air

Air that cannot undergo gas exchange; includes residual volume

Vital Capacity

(TV+IRV+ERV) Volume of air that can be inspired and expired after max volume

Functional Residual Capacity

(ERV+RV) Air that remains in the body after passive inspiration

Total Lung Capacity

(TV+ERV+IEV+RV) Sum of all lung capacity (same across lifespan)

Inspiratory Capacity

(TV+IRV) Volume that can be inspired after tidal expiration

Factors Affect Respiration?

Exercise, Age(decrease function, and care affect selected volumes and capacities), muscles weekness

Vital, Inspiratory, Expiratory Functional?

Diminish with age Increases with age

5 types of pressure are?

Intraoral Pressure Subglottal Pressure Alveolar or Pulmonic Pressure Intrapleural Pressure Atmospheric Pressure

Intraoral Pressure Can be measured?

Pressure measured within oral cavity Yes, through and oral test

Subglottal Pressure Can be measured?

Pressure below the vocal cords Yes, though a needle being inter though the throat or through the mouth

Alveolar or Pulmonic pressure Can be measured?

Pressure within the individual alveolus With voice and voiceless sounds

Intrapleural Pressure

Pressure between the visceral and parietal(always negative) pleural membranes

Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure of the atmosphere generated by its weight; approximately 760 mmHg

Recoil Forces

During expiration the tissue returns to the original dimension due to elasticity and gravity 'earth gravity helps with breathing

Relaxation Pressure Curve

Pressure generated by the force of deeply breathing in

Positive Alveolar Pressure

Due to expanded lungs and torqued cartilage

Negative Relaxation Pressure is found

Following forced expiration

Body Position & Posture

Significant role in respiratory volumes, A healthy person can lay in reclining position but for olde or heavy set can be more difficult. Why? Because the Abdomen is affected by the force of gravity

2 Levels of Pressure

1. Constant supply of Subglottal pressure to drive the vocal folds —> Need 3-5cm of driving pressure to make vocal folds move: Conversation speech is 7-10cm of pressure

2. Rapidly changing pressure for syllabic stress—> increase Subglottal pressure about 2cm H2O to increase stress

Normal Respiratory Rate

Inspiration up to 40% Expiration up to 60%

Respiratory During Speech

Inspiration up to 10% Expiration up to 90%

Unpaired Cartilages

Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid

Paired

Arytheoid Cuneiform Corniculate

Voiceless sounds

Produced without use of vocal folds

Voiced

Produced by action of vocal folds

How phonation happens

Known as voicing, product of vibrating vocal folds, occurs in larynx, source for speech, respiration provides energy for phonation

Glottis 'Rima Glottidis'

Space between vocal folds; difeined the variable sphincter that allows voicing; runs from anterior and posterior commisure. Males- 15mm, Females- 12mm. Anterior 3/5 membranous glottis, Posterior 2/5 cartilaginous glottis

Subglottal

Area below vocal folds

5 Layers of Tissue

Squamous Epithelium Superficial Lamina Propria Intermediate Lamina Propria Deep Lamina Propria Thyroarytenoid Muscle

Biological Function of Larynx

Produces phonation, clamps airways in response to possible instruction by foreign objects(food/liquids), rapidly expels foreign matter away from opening of airway, vocal folds permit a person holding their breathe for ? Swimming, lifting, childbirth, defecation

Larynx is called what? Structure Location? Adjacent to?

Musculo-cartilaginous Top of last ring of trachea Cervical Vertebrae 4-6

Two types of vocal folds?

True and False True what we use to speak False on top, don't use to speak

Hyoid bone

Union between the tongue and laryngeal structures, Loosely articulates with the superior Cornu fo the thyroid cartilage Important for swallowing

Laryngectomy

Larynx is removed, voicing for speech loss, difficult to expectorate phlegm, no more swimming.

How to people with Laryngectomy breathe?

Tracheostooma

Small hole in neck after Laryngectomy called?

Stoma

How to people take with a Laryngectomy?

Electro Larynx, Lary Tube/TEP

People after Laryngectomy called?

Neck Breathers

Intrinsic

Within the structure

Extrinsic

At least one outside body

Extrinsic Ligaments HInt- 8

Thyrohyoid Membrane Lateral thyrohyoid ligament Median thyrohyoid ligament Hyoepiglottic ligament Thyroepiglottic ligament Lateral glossoepiglottic ligament Medial glossoepiglottic ligament Cricotracheal ligament

Produce Valleculate

Space between base of tongue and epiglottis "'valley' Food stuck is called valleculate resadue

Intrinsic Ligaments Hint- 4

Upper Quadrangular Membranes Aryepiglottic folds Lower conus elasticus Vocal Ligament

Pyriform sinus

Space between the aryepiglottic fold and the thyroid cartilage transit point for food and liquid

Start Of Cavities

Aditus

Entry to the larynx form the pharynx above

Vestibule

Space between the Aditus and the ventricular folds

Ventricular Folds

'False Folds' not used for phonation, made up of mucous membrane and vestibular ligament, space between them is rima vestibuli

Aryepiglottic Folds

Lateral Walls

Laryngeal Ventricle

Space between the true and false vocal folds Anterior portion is laryngeal saccule containing mucus glands to lubricate the vocal folds

Conus Elasticus

Form true vocal folds to the interior border of the cricoid cartilage

Cricothyroid Joint

Synovial joint that allows the cricoid and thyroid to rotate and glide relative to each other, Adjustment for changes in pitch

Cricoarythenoid

Synovial joint that allows voicing, gliding, and perhaps minimal rotation 'Rocking action' allows folds to contract

Start Of Muscles

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Muscles with both origin and insertion on laryngeal cartilages Fine adjustments for phonation control

Vagus Nerve X 'Wondering' way of travel

Left side- goes to aortic arch takes lope and goes back up turns into left recurrent laryngeal nerve Right side- goes to subclavian artery goes back up They are ipsilateral

3 Branches to Vagus Nerve

1. Pharyngeal branch

2. Superior laryngeal branch

3. Recurrent laryngeal branch

Muscles Major Functions?

Open, Close, Tense, Relax

3 Close Muscles 'Adductors

1. Lateral Cricoarytenoid- rock aryteniod in and down

2. Transverse Arytenoid- medial compression to close vocal folds

3. Oblique Arytenoid- Adductor, medial compression

1 Open Muscles 'Abductors'

Posterior Cricoarytenoid- only abductor of vocal folds

2 Tensors 'Mainly for Pitch'

1. Cricothyroid- Pars recta and Pars oblique '2 heads'

2. Thyrovocalis- medial muscle of vocal folds

1 Relaxers

Thyromuscularis- muscles mass lateral to Thyrovocalis

Elevate Muscles Hint- 8

3 Muscles to help move hyloid and larynx are attached to mandibles: Geniohyoid Mylohyoid- Hyloid and Larynx elevated Anterior Belly of Digastric- ABD

Stylohyoid- Styloid and Hyloid Post Belly Digastric- PBD Hypoglossus- Tongue and Hyloid Genioglossus- sticking out tongue Thryopharyngeous- Thyoid and Pharynx

Depressors Hint- 4

Sternohyoid- Sternum and Hyoid Sternothyroid- Sternum and Thyroid Thyrohyoid- Thyroid and Hyoid Omohyoid- Hyoid and Larynx

Muscles work together for?

Achieve complex motions required for speech and non-speech

Suprahyoid

Raise

Intrahyoid

Lower

Sensitive to external Environment

Cigarette smoke and other pollutants: can dry up the vocal folds which damages them can cause ulcers, and vocal nodules. Therapy? Humidification, fluids, medications, 8 cups of water a day

Nodules

Little bumps on the vocal folds that don't allow the vocal folds to fully close when you are speaking Make and hourglass pattern to the folds which causes your voice to be breathey/raspy. Singers are #1 Teachers are #2

Whats the most important role of Larynx?

Proctective Function, Prevents entrance of foreign objects into lungs.

Protecting Functions?

Coughing, throat clearing, abdominal fixation

Process of Vibration?

Elasticity, Stiffness, Inertia

Periodic Waveform?

repeats itself in a predictable fashion. Think of waves in an ocean, or the Sun

Cycle

One point in a vibratory pattern to the same point again Think of Sun going around

Period

time to complete one cycle of vibration. Think of Sun from up to up

Frequency

How often something occurs; cycles per second

Hertz(Hz)

cycle per second (perceive as pitch)

Intensity

Increased amplitude of waveform

Sound Pressure

P=F/A

Amplitude

degree to which waveform goes beyond X axis

Decibel

dB= 20 log (perceived as loudness)

Sound level meter

measures intensity of sound pressure coming from source

Fundamental Frequency

frequency of vibration of vocal folds

Vocal Jitter

cycle by cycle differences in vocal fold vibration

Vocal Shimmer

cycle by cycle differences in intensity

Phonogram

interaction between intensity and frequency

What different type of Measurements for voice?

Pneumotachograph- Face mask; meausre pressure and air flow

Fiberendoscopy- Scope through nose and measure air

Subglottal Pressure- Face mask; measure below vocal folds

Electroglottograph- electro nobs on either side to measure the vibrations

What is the Bernoulli Effect?

Negative air pressure causes the vocal folds to be sucked together Like the balloons and soda cans in the Video Increase in velocity, Decrease in pressure.