chapter 18- vaccines

vaccinations provoke a … immune response

primary

the primary immune response, promoted by a vaccination, leads to the formation of … and …

antibodies and memory cells

after vaccination, exposure to the same pathogen allows a rapid and intense … response

secondary

herd immunity is defined as…

immunity in most of the population

due to herd immunity outbreaks are … due to the lack of … individuals

sporadic, susceptible

R° value accounts for…

average # of people an infected person infects

name the type of vaccine…

* weakened pathogns
* closely mimics an actual infection
* confers lifelong cellular and humoral immunity

live attenuated vaccine

name the type of vaccine…

* safer than live vaccines
* require repeated booster doses
* induce mostly humoral immunity

inactivated killed vaccine

name the type of vaccine…

* uses antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response

subunit vaccines

toxoids are…

inactivated toxins

the two types of subunit vaccines are…

virus-like particle vaccine and polysaccharide vaccine

name the type of vaccine…

* resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material

virus-like particle vaccine

name the type of vaccine…

* made from molecules in pathogen’s capsule
* not very immunogenic

polysaccharide vaccine

name the type of vaccine…

* injected naked DNA produces the protein antigen encoded in the DNA
* stimulate humoral and cellular immunity

nucleic acid (DNA) vaccine

name the type of vaccine…

* avirulent viruses or bacteria are genetically modified to deliver gene coding for antigens

recombinant vector (plasmid) vaccine

an adjuvant is a… added to vaccines to improve…

chemical additive, effectiveness

name two adjuvants

alums and monophosphoryl lipid A

name the type of vaccine…

* easier to make and alter
* less stable
* need booster shots
* requires cold storage

mRNA vaccine

what is a well known mRNA vaccine

COVID-19

a fluorescent-antibody technique is where scientists combine … with …

fluorescent dyes with antibodies

direct fluorescent-antibody (FA) tests are used to…

identify a microorganism in a clinical specimen

indirect fluorescent-antibody (FA) tests are used to…

detect a specific antibody in serum

explain the three stages of the “Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter (FACS)”

1. laser beam strikes a droplet containing a cell
2. detector determines size and fluoresce of surface molecules
3. imparts a charge to the cell, separating cells