MOTOR BEHAVIOR - exam 4

the terms modeling and observational learning are often used interchangeably with _____

demonstration

demonstration involves both _____ and _____

modeling

observational learning

modeling

using demonstration to show how to perform a skill

observational learning

the learner acquires the skill by watching the performance

demonstrations rely on the learner’s _____ of the skill being performed

visual observation

research consistently shows that observers pick up information about the _____ of the skill

coordination dynamics

invariant relative motions

the stable relationships among movement components which define how a skill is organized

observers use this information to _____ their own coordination pattern to enable successful performance

develop

the _____ of a demonstration depends on both task and learner characteristics

effectiveness

a key factor is whether the skill requires learning a _____

new coordination pattern

_____ can help learners develop new coordination patterns

full-body demonstrations

movement effects

performance production measures

end-point outcomes

performance outcome measures

demonstrations that highlight movement effects can be as effective as those showing end-point outcomes, _____

depending on the stage of learning

learners’ coordination dynamics change after _____ a skilled demonstration

observing

mirror neurons

visuomotor neurons active when performing and observing actions

observation and visualization = activated _____

supplementary motor area (sma)

observation only = activated _____

activated pre-sma

sma

plans and initiates complex movements, monitors and updates motor plans, integrates sensory information

guiding principle

the demonstrator should perform the skill correctly

learners pick up _____ from what they observe

invariant movement patterns

the quality of performance depends on the _____

quality of demonstration

observing a skilled model helps learners _____

copy successful strategies

on early attempts, learners _____ what they have seen

imitate

can novices benefit from observing other navices?

yes - beginners can benefit from watching other beginners

observing novices _____ to imitate the model exactly

reduces pressure

encourages learners _____

to problem-solve and develop their own coordination strategies

promotes _____ with the task rather than passive copying

active engagement

enables discovery learning

solving movement problems by exploring possible solutions through practice

demonstrate before practice begins

helps learners understand the overall coordination pattern

continue demonstrating during practice

• reinforces correct movement and provides a reference for improvement

• frequently depends on learners needs and progress (self-selection)

cognitive mediation theory explains learning from demonstrations involves mentally _____ observed movements into symbolic memory codes

encoding

these memory representations _____ and _____

• guide future performance

• enable error detection and correction capabilities

Bandura identified four subprocesses of observational learning

attention

retention

behavior reproduction

motivation

dynamic view of modeling, rooted in J.J Gibson’s ecological approach, _____

challenges the need for stored memory representations

dynamic view of modeling argues that the _____, allowing learners to coordinate body movements in real time

visual system directly perceives and processes motion information

dynamic view of modeling, argues the visual system _____

directly produces movement parameters

verbal instruction _____ demonstration by helping learners focus attention and refine performance

compliment

instructional quality and cognitive load

attentional demands, brief/clear

outcomes-focused guidance

action-effect hypothesis

use of analogies

positive transfer

direction attention to environmental cues

regulatory conditions

verbal cues should be _____, drawing attention to key elements of performance

short and actionable

goal-focus research shows instructions emphasizing accuracy before speed lead to _____ (speed/accuracy tradeoff)

better overall performance

avoid ironic effects

statements like “don’t miss” can unintentionally prompt the very error you’re trying to avoid