Weeks 1-5 Lab Practical Study

A series of practice flashcards covering key concepts in embryology, cellular respiration, bony landmarks, and anatomical terms.

Zygote

The initial cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg, which divides to form an embryo.

Blastula/Blastocyst

An early stage of embryo development; a blastula is a hollow ball of cells while a blastocyst includes an inner cell mass.

Somites

Blocks of mesoderm that form along the head-to-tail (anterior-posterior) axis of the developing embryo, giving rise to vertebrae, ribs, and muscles.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH.

Transition Stage

The metabolic phase where pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA before entering the Krebs cycle.

Krebs Cycle

A series of reactions in the mitochondria that generates ATP, NADH, FADH2, and carbon dioxide from acetyl CoA.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

Diarthrosis Joint

A joint that allows for free movement, characterized by a fluid-filled capsule.

Amphiarthrosis Joint

A joint that allows for limited movement, often connected by cartilage or a ligament.

Synarthrosis Joint

A joint that permits no movement, often connected by fibrous tissue.

Humerus

The long bone of the upper arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.

Pelvic Inlet

The large opening in the pelvis that allows for the passage of the newborn during childbirth.

Fibula

The smaller of the two bones in the lower leg, located on the lateral side.

Tibia

The larger of the two bones in the lower leg, commonly known as the shinbone.

Patella

The kneecap, a small bone that protects the knee joint.

Scapula

The shoulder blade, which connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle.

Clavicle

Also known as the collarbone, it connects the arm to the body.

Vertebral Canal

The canal that houses the spinal cord and is formed by the vertebrae.

Sutures

Fibrous joints that hold the bones of the skull together.

Articular Cartilage

Smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones where they meet to form joints.

Fibrocartilage

A tough, dense connective tissue that provides support and strength, commonly found in joints and intervertebral discs.

Arterial Supply to Brain

The blood flow to the brain that is crucial for its function and health.

Nasal Concha

Bony structures in the nasal cavity that help warm and humidify the air inhaled.

Sebaceous Gland

Glands in the skin that secrete sebum, which lubricates and waterproofs the skin.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin that provides a waterproof barrier.

Dermis

The layer of skin beneath the epidermis that contains connective tissue, hair follicles, and glands.

Hypodermis

The layer beneath the dermis that contains fat and connective tissue.

Name/describe two problems with the model of the zygote.

No extracellular matrix, no polar bodies, no cortical vesicles. Nucleus should be in metaphase II until sperm contacts it, then finished meiosis. Sperm flagellum does not make it inside the ovum cell membrane.

Which model shows the 1-day-old embryo?

2 cell stage (second model)

Which model shows the earliest stage of a blastula/blastocyst?

The two-color-blue ball, yellow inner cell mass

What color is used to show the inner cell mass/future baby?

Yellow

What color is used to show the yolk sack?

Pinky-orange or salmon

How many somites are seen in a 48-hour whole mount chick embryo?

Depends on position of microscope—24 or more

2. Cellular Respiration

Question

Answer

What is the location in the cell for Glycolysis?

Cytoplasm

What carbon molecules are made during Glycolysis and how many carbons do they have?

Pyruvate (2 carbons)

How many ATPs are made (net) during Glycolysis?

Net 2

How many electrons are used/captured during Glycolysis?

2

What is the location in the cell for the Transition Stage?

Mitochondria

What carbon molecules are made during the Transition Stage?

Acetyl coA and CO$_2$ (2 each)

How many ATPs are made during the Transition Stage?

0

How many electrons are used/captured during the Transition Stage?

2

What is the location in the cell for the Krebs Cycle?

Mitochondrial matrix

What carbon molecules are made during Krebs Cycle?

CO$_2$ (4)

How many ATPs are made during the Krebs Cycle?

4

How many electrons are used/captured during the Krebs Cycle?

6 NADH and 2 FADH$_2$

What is the location in the cell for Electron Transport?

Inner membrane of mitochondria

What carbon molecules are made during Electron Transport?

None (0)

How many ATPs are made during Electron Transport?

34 (may get less with model)

How many electrons are used/captured during Electron Transport?

12

What would happen to pyruvate without oxygen?

It would not go through the transition stage to Krebs.

What would happen to energy production (ATP) without enough electron carriers?

Energy production (ATP) would be decreased.

3. Bony Landmarks I (Skull & Vertebrae)

What is the ridge/joint on the superior surface of the skull running anterior to posterior, and which bones does it join?

Sagittal suture (joint) between the parietal bones.

The eyebrow ridge/upper border of the orbits is part of which bone?

Frontal bone

What bone(s) make up the bridge of the nose?

Nasal bones

The point of the chin is the _____ area of the _____ bone.

Mental of mandible

The bump inferior/posterior to the ear is the _____ process of the _____ bone.

Mastoid process of temporal

The hole in the ear is called the _____ (feature) of the _____ bone.

External auditory/acoustic meatus of temporal

The bump on the back of the skull is the _____ of the _____ bone.

External protuberance of occipital

The ridge that runs down the back (dorsal-most part) of the spinal column is made of the _____ processes.

Spinous processes of your vertebrae and sacrum.

The lateral borders of the cervical vertebral column are made of the _____ processes.

Transverse processes

The prominent bump at the base of the neck is the spinous process of which vertebra?

Cervical #7

The boney plate in the crease between the upper curve of the buttocks is the posterior surface of the _____.

Sacrum

The bone structure you would sit on (e.g., on a fence) that would hurt is the _____.

Coccyx

The rib margin below the sternum is made of the _____ of the _____ ribs.

Costal cartilages of false ribs

The boney structure running between the ribs in the front of your chest is the _____.

Sternum

The dent between your 'collar bones' is called the _____.

Jugular or sternal notch

What are the 'collar bones' called?

Clavicles

The most lateral 'point' of your shoulder is the _____ process of the _____ bone.

Acromion of scapula

The dorsal external posterior ridge on your 'wing bone' (scapula) is the _____.

Spine of scapula

The 'point' on the bottom of the 'wing bone' (scapula) is the _____.

Inferior angle

The two knobs on the proximal humerus are the greater and lesser _____.

Tubercles

The medial and lateral bumps of the elbow (muscle attachments) are called the _____.

Epicondyles

The point of the elbow is the _____ process of the _____ bone.

Olecranon process of ulna

The bumps which embrace the curve of your wrist bones are the _____ processes of the ulna (medial) and radius (lateral).

Styloid processes of ulna and radius

The anterior bump on the wrist, a green-pea shaped bone, is the _____ of the carpals.

Pisiform

The dent on the anterior surface of your wrist is the _____ tunnel.

Carpel tunnel

The 5 long bones on the dorsal surface of your palm are the _____ bones.

Metacarpals

5. Bony Landmarks I (Pelvic Girdle & Lower Extremity)

The most superior part of the os coxae (hip bone) is the _____, and its superior curve is the _____ (feature).

Ilium, iliac crest

The anterior border of the iliac crest is the _____ spine.

Anterior superior (and inferior) iliac spine

The bumps you sit on are the _____ (bone) _____ (features).

Ischium, tuberosities (ischial tuberosity)

The bump you feel at the join between the lateral os coxa and upper lateral thigh bone is the greater _____ of the _____.

Greater trochanter of the femur

The two bumps on either side of the knee joint (muscle attachments) are the _____ of the _____.

Epicondyles of femur

What is the kneecap called?

Patella

Your 'shin' is the "anterior border" of the _____ bone.

Tibia

The tarsal that supports your weight is the _____, which is held in place by processes called the _____.

Talus, malleolus/malleoli

The lateral bump on the ankle is part of the _____ bone.

Fibula

The medial bump on the ankle is part of the _____ bone.

Tibia

The heel bone, where the Achilles' tendon attaches, is called the _____.

Calcaneus

The bump on the lateral border of the foot, about halfway to the toes, is the proximal end of the 5th _____, which is distal to the tarsal called the _____.

5th metatarsal, cuboid

6. Integumentary System (Layers and Accessories)

Name the layer numbers 5-8 of the skin's integumentary layers (out to in).

5. Epidermis, 6. Dermis (papillary layer), 7. Dermis (reticular layer), 8. Hypodermis

Name the layer numbers 6-10 of the epidermal layers (superficial to deep).

6. Stratum corneum, 7. Stratum lucidum, 8. Stratum granulosum, 9. Stratum spinosum, 10. Stratum basale

What structure is labeled as #11 in Exercise 4-2?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Name the structures labeled 1-4 for Skin Accessories (Hair).

1. Hair shaft, 2. Hair root, 3. Hair bulb, 4. Hair papilla

What is labeled as #5 in Exercise 4-3?

Sebaceous gland

7. Joints and Articulations