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Anatomy
is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.
Gross or macroscopic anatomy
studying the larger parts of the body which are easily observable structures.
Regional Anatomy
studying all structures in one part of the body such as abdomen or leg. If you're studying the abdominal part of the body, you're studying the abdominal region of the body.
Systemic Anatomy
studies the anatomy of each functional body system
surface anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Microscopic anatomy
it is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. These can only be seen through a microscope.
Cytology
the study of cell
Histology
study of tissues
Developmental anatomy
it is the kind of anatomy wherein we study the growth and development. The changes that happen in our body as we grow. It also includes fetal growth and of course as we grow older.
Fetal growth and Body changes
the traces structural changes throughout the life.
Embryology
study of the developmental changes of the body before birth.
Pathological anatomy
structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
Imaging anatomy
body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans
Physiology
is the study of how the body and its parts work or function. It answers the question how the structures (anatomy) worked out.
Neurophysiology
functional properties of nerve cells.
Endocrinology
hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
Cardiovascular physiology
functions of the heart and blood vessels.
Immunology
the body's defenses against disease-causing agents.
Respiratory physiology
functions of the air passageways and lungs
Renal physiology
functions of the kidneys
Exercise physiology
changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
Pathophysiology
Functional changes associated with disease and aging
Pathology
is the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease.
Atomic level
Building blocks of matter Smallest unit of element
Molecular level
Group of atoms
Chemical level
Involves the atomic and molecular levels
Cellular level
Basic unit of life Smallest unit of life
Tissue level
Consists of similar types of cells
Epithelial tissue
covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
Connective tissue
connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.
Muscular tissue
contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.
Nervous tissue
carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.
Organ level
Combination of two or more types of tissues that have the same functions
Organ system level
Group of organs that have varying functions
Organismal level
Several organ systems that function together in order to form one organism
Integumentary system
It waterproofs the body and protects deeper tissues from injury
Integumentary system
Produces vitamin d (7AM to 9 am)
Integumentary system
Forms the external body covering
Integumentary system
Excretes salts in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature.
Integumentary system
Location of the cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.), sweat and oil glands
Integumentary system
Senses changes in the body
Integumentary system
Stores fat and provides insulation
Reproductive system
Production of offspring
Reproductive system
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Reproductive system
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Urinary system
Releases nitrogenous waste of the body
Urinary system
Maintain acid-base balance of the body
Urinary system
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
Respiratory system
Gas exchange
Respiratory system
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes co2
Respiratory system
The nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Digestive system
Breakdown of foods into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Small intestine
contains villi which aids in digestion and absorption of nutrients needed by the body
Lymphatic system
Complements the cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Involves basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Lymphatic system
Houses of WBC for immunity Disposes of debris
Lymphatic system
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Endocrine system
Gland secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use of the body cells.
Pituitary
Adrenocortitrophic and growth hormone
Pineal
Melatonin
Thyroid
Growth hormone and metabolism
Thymus
Production of t-cells
Adrenal
Adrenaline (cortisol and aldosterone)
Testes
Testosterone
Ovary
Estrogen and progesterone
Pancreas
Degrades macromolecules
cardiovascular system
Blood transport which carries oxygen, co2, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood
Nervous system
Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors.
Nervous system
Fast acting control system of the body
sensory receptors
detect changes in temperature, pressure, or light, and send messages (via electrical signals called nerve impulses) to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
central nervous system
assesses information and responds by activating the appropriate body effectors (muscles or glands, which are organs that produce secretions).
Muscular system
Contraction and movement
Muscular system
Maintains posture and facial expression
Muscular system
Formed by the skeletal muscles
Skeletal system
Site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs
Skeletal system
Provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement Blood cells are formed with bones Stores minerals in the form of calcium
8 Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
5 survival needs of the human body
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure
Nutrients
Chemicals needed for energy and cell building
Oxygen
Composes 20% of air in the atmosphere Required for chemical reactions (main)
Water
60 to 80% of body weight
Water
Provides metabolic reaction
Water
Carries substances within the organism and is important in regulating body temperature
Stable body temperature
37° Celsius or 99° Fahrenheit
Atmospheric pressure
At high altitudes, where the air is thin and atmospheric pressure is lower, gas exchange may be too slow to support cellular metabolism.
Homeostasis
It is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
Body fluids
are dilute, watery solutions.
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
is inside cells, and extra cellular fluid(ECF) is outside cells.
Plasma
is the ECF within blood vessels. Interstitial fluid is the ECF that fills spaces between tissue cells; because it surrounds all body cells, interstitial fluid is called the body's internal environment.
Receptors
Responds to environmental changes via to stimulus (change in environment)
Afferent
Delivers the information from the receptors to the control center
Control Center
Gives out the response Maintains and analyses information
Efferent
Delivers the response from the control Centre to the effector
Effector
Response to stimulus
feedback system
is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
controlled condition
Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level
stimulus
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
Negative feedback mechanism
Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.
Positive feedback mechanism
Intensifies the stimuli. In that way, it is not homeostatic in nature.
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