Anatomy

Anatomy

is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.

Gross or macroscopic anatomy

studying the larger parts of the body which are easily observable structures.

Regional Anatomy

studying all structures in one part of the body such as abdomen or leg. If you're studying the abdominal part of the body, you're studying the abdominal region of the body.

Systemic Anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

surface anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Microscopic anatomy

it is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. These can only be seen through a microscope.

Cytology

the study of cell

Histology

study of tissues

Developmental anatomy

it is the kind of anatomy wherein we study the growth and development. The changes that happen in our body as we grow. It also includes fetal growth and of course as we grow older.

Fetal growth and Body changes

the traces structural changes throughout the life.

Embryology

study of the developmental changes of the body before birth.

Pathological anatomy

structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

Imaging anatomy

body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans

Physiology

is the study of how the body and its parts work or function. It answers the question how the structures (anatomy) worked out.

Neurophysiology

functional properties of nerve cells.

Endocrinology

hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.

Cardiovascular physiology

functions of the heart and blood vessels.

Immunology

the body's defenses against disease-causing agents.

Respiratory physiology

functions of the air passageways and lungs

Renal physiology

functions of the kidneys

Exercise physiology

changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.

Pathophysiology

Functional changes associated with disease and aging

Pathology

is the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease.

Atomic level

Building blocks of matter
Smallest unit of element

Molecular level

Group of atoms

Chemical level

Involves the atomic and molecular levels

Cellular level

Basic unit of life
Smallest unit of life

Tissue level

Consists of similar types of cells

Epithelial tissue

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.

Connective tissue

connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.

Muscular tissue

contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.

Nervous tissue

carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.

Organ level

Combination of two or more types of tissues that have the same functions

Organ system level

Group of organs that have varying functions

Organismal level

Several organ systems that function together in order to form one organism

Integumentary system

It waterproofs the body and protects deeper tissues from injury

Integumentary system

Produces vitamin d (7AM to 9 am)

Integumentary system

Forms the external body covering

Integumentary system

Excretes salts in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature.

Integumentary system

Location of the cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.), sweat and oil glands

Integumentary system

Senses changes in the body

Integumentary system

Stores fat and provides insulation

Reproductive system

Production of offspring

Reproductive system

Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Reproductive system

Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Urinary system

Releases nitrogenous waste of the body

Urinary system

Maintain acid-base balance of the body

Urinary system

Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

Respiratory system

Gas exchange

Respiratory system

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes co2

Respiratory system

The nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Digestive system

Breakdown of foods into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Small intestine

contains villi which aids in digestion and absorption of nutrients needed by the body

Lymphatic system

Complements the cardiovascular system

Lymphatic system

Involves basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

Lymphatic system

Houses of WBC for immunity
Disposes of debris

Lymphatic system

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

Endocrine system

Gland secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use of the body cells.

Pituitary

Adrenocortitrophic and growth hormone

Pineal

Melatonin

Thyroid

Growth hormone and metabolism

Thymus

Production of t-cells

Adrenal

Adrenaline (cortisol and aldosterone)

Testes

Testosterone

Ovary

Estrogen and progesterone

Pancreas

Degrades macromolecules

cardiovascular system

Blood transport which carries oxygen, co2, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood

Nervous system

Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors.

Nervous system

Fast acting control system of the body

sensory receptors

detect changes in temperature, pressure, or light, and send messages (via electrical signals called nerve impulses) to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

central nervous system

assesses information and responds by activating the appropriate body effectors (muscles or glands, which are organs that produce secretions).

Muscular system

Contraction and movement

Muscular system

Maintains posture and facial expression

Muscular system

Formed by the skeletal muscles

Skeletal system

Site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs

Skeletal system

Provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement
Blood cells are formed with bones
Stores minerals in the form of calcium

8 Necessary Life Functions

1. Maintaining boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

5 survival needs of the human body

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure

Nutrients

Chemicals needed for energy and cell building

Oxygen

Composes 20% of air in the atmosphere
Required for chemical reactions (main)

Water

60 to 80% of body weight

Water

Provides metabolic reaction

Water

Carries substances within the organism and is important in regulating body temperature

Stable body temperature

37° Celsius or 99° Fahrenheit

Atmospheric pressure

At high altitudes, where the air is thin and atmospheric pressure is lower, gas exchange may be too slow to support cellular metabolism.

Homeostasis

It is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

Body fluids

are dilute, watery solutions.

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

is inside cells, and extra cellular fluid(ECF) is outside cells.

Plasma

is the ECF within blood vessels. Interstitial fluid is the ECF that fills spaces between tissue cells; because it surrounds all body cells, interstitial fluid is called the body's internal environment.

Receptors

Responds to environmental changes via to stimulus (change in environment)

Afferent

Delivers the information from the receptors to the control center

Control Center

Gives out the response
Maintains and analyses information

Efferent

Delivers the response from the control
Centre to the effector

Effector

Response to stimulus

feedback system

is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

controlled condition

Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level

stimulus

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition

Negative feedback mechanism

Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.

Positive feedback mechanism

Intensifies the stimuli. In that way, it is not homeostatic in nature.