Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

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25 Terms

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Sensorimotor Stage

0-2 years

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Schemes

Mental structures that organize knowledge.

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Adaptation

The process of adjusting to the environment.

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Assimilation

Integrating new information into existing schemes.

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Accommodation

Modifying existing schemes to fit new information.

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Organization

The grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.

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Goal-directed Behavior

Intentional actions that are aimed at achieving a specific goal.

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Object Permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.

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A-not-B Error

The tendency to search for an object where it was previously found rather than where it was last hidden.

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Mental Representations

Internal depictions the mind can manipulate.

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Deferred Imitation

The ability to remember and copy the behavior of an absent model.

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Make-Believe Play

Pretend play that involves acting out various roles and scenarios.

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Violation-of-Expectation Method

A research method used to study infants' understanding of object permanence.

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Sensory Register

The initial stage of memory where sensory information is stored briefly.

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Short-Term Memory Store

Also known as working memory, it holds information temporarily for processing.

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Long-Term Memory Store

The stage of memory that stores information indefinitely.

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Central Executive

The part of working memory that directs attention and processing.

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Executive Function

Cognitive processes that improve drastically in childhood/adolescence.

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Sustained Attention

The ability to maintain focus on a task over time.

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Short-Term Memory

At 6 months, can hold 1 item; at 24 months, can hold 2-4 items.

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Retention of Learned Behavior

1-2 days at 2 months; 1 week at 3 months; 2 weeks at 6 months; 13 weeks at 18 months.

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Categorization

The ability to group objects based on shared characteristics.

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Zone of Proximal Development

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help.

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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Indicates the degree to which individuals' scores deviate from those of peers.

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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A theoretical construct proposed by Noam Chomsky that explains the innate ability to acquire language.