Building System Designs

Conceptual Phase

What is the First Step to Building Sites?

Land Costs, Site Selection, Physical Features

What is Conceptualized during Site considerations?

Plans issued by Architect and Engineers

What is the 2nd step in site considerations?

Limitations

What will determine the appropriate methodology?

Broker Fees, Legal Fees, Registration Fees, Title Insurance Premium and Other Costs; Necumbrances

What should be considered when evaluation Land Costs?

Costs

These may arise due to zoning or subdivision regulations

Real Property Tax Rate

Assessed Property Value

Area and Shape of Lot, Topology, Geological Conditions

These are internal site characteristics considered during Site Selection

Urban or rural setting and distance from town center

What factors are included in the location consideration for site selection?

Transporation

This factor of site selection must be accessible

Water, sewer, electricity, gas, telephone

These are utilities considered during site selection

Noise pollution, smog, congestion

Environmental Impact considered in Site Selection

High-Rise Building

What type of building is necessary if site space is restricted?

Mold Building Plan

What type of building is necessary if site boundaries are not rectangular and will add complexity to the structure?

Parking at lower space

This is necessary when the site is tight

Earthworks

What Architectural plan is necessary to establish the finish elevations to get the effect envisioned by the owner?

Presence of basement, need to cut slopes, and need to fill the lot above the flood line, or just to be an imposing edifice (aesthetic

What factors influence the earthwork necessary for a project?

To reach the recommended hard soil strata

What is the purpose of soil investigation using borehole testing?

Volume of earth to be moved, type of soil, and space available, duration allotted in the schedule, and safety issues

What limitations determine the appropriate methodology for earthwork?

Project Master Plan

These consists of the Architectural Plan, How the Engineers will allocate spaces for construction and Engineering intervention to accommodate owner and architects vision.

What is the purpose of a site development plan?

What is the purpose of a site development plan?

A method of earthwork to balance excavation and embankment

What is a cut and fill in construction?

To assess elevations, control points, and building layout

What is the purpose of a site survey?

To prevent surrounding soil from collapsing on the basement

What is the purpose of a retaining wall?

Soil condition, site condition, and overall load of the structure

What factors are considered in foundation design?

Spread or Open Footings

What is another name for Shallow Foundations?

They are economical and require less digging

Why are shallow foundations commonly used?

Deep Foundations

Transfer the load down to a layer of substrata bedrock to ensure structural integrity

When building on sand or soft soil that cannot absorb the load

When are deep foundations required?

To transmit loads to soil strata beyond the reach of shallow foundations

What is the purpose of a pile foundation?

Isolated Footing

the most common and widely used type of foundation. Usually shaped as a square, rectangular or even circular pad of concrete that used to support and individual column. It is a perfectly suited choice for light structures like residential and medium story buildings.

Wall footing

Also known as continuous footing. Used to distribute loads of structural or non structural load bearing walls to the ground. Runs along the direction of the wall and can also be applicable to use when there are multiple columns aligned vertically or horizontally

Combined footings

Used to support more than one column. Applicable when columns are so close together were making isolated based to them creates overlapping configurations. Important that the centroid of the footing coincides with the centroid of the 2 combined loads.

Cantilever, Strap Footing, or Neighbor Footings

This is composed of two isolated footings - concentric and eccentric, connected with a strap beam. Best suited when a column is near a property line and due to space restriction, eccentric footing is necessary.

Raft or Mat Foundation

also known as mat footing. A single thick foundation that uses to support the entire weight of the structure. This

Pile Foundation

Common type of deep foundation. Used to reduce cost, and when as per soil condition considerations, it is desirable to transmit loads to soil strata which are beyond the reach of shallow foundations.

Pier Foundation

An underground structure that transmits a more massive load, which cannot be carried by shallow foundations. Usually shallower than piles, generally utilized in multi-story structures.

Cassion Foundation

Watertight retaining structure used as a bridge pier, construction of dam. used in structures that require foundation beneath a river or similar water bodies. This can be floated to the desired location and then sunk into place.

Cassion Foundation

a readymade hollow cylinder depressed into the soil up to the desired level and then filled with concrete.

Structural Members

Primary load bearing components of a building

Structural framing system

the load-resisting sub system of a building or object.

Wood/Timber, Steel, Reinforced Concrete

Materials used as structural elements

Column, Beam [Girder], Slab, Stairs

4 components of structural framing system

Slab

directly carries the floor loads and transfers these loads to the beam and girders

Beams and Girders

Carries the slab and help in resisting seismic and wind forces.

Intermediate Beams

carries the slab - used to reduce the size of the slab panel that is the determinant in the slab thickness.

Columns

Carries the beams and girders and transfers the load to the footing

Truss System

Carries dead, live, and wind loads [purlins, rafters, trusses, bracings]

Footing or Column footing

receives load from the column and transfers it to the ground.

Wall Footing

Footing for reinforced concrete walls and CHB walls (strip)

Footing Tie Beams

Help in resisting earthquake and wind forces. Also serves to prevent differential settlement.

Shear Walls

primary purpose is to help resist earthquake and wind forces.

Ramp

A sloped surface connecting different levels.

Retaining Walls

Prevents the surrounding soil from collapsing on the basement.

Piles

Deep foundation type that transfers load to the hard ground strata.

Pile Cap

Structural Element that joins piles, serves as a transition flow of loads from the column to the deep foundation.

One-Way Slab

loads are carried in one direction

Two-Way Slab

Loads are carried along both directions

Metal Deck Slab

A composite slab that makes use of metal deck sheet and concrete.

Building Envelope

the separation system of the exterior and interior of a building. It protects the interior environment, reduces wear and tear from outside climate. These includes the doors, windows, walls, roof foundation, and slab.

Roof

The uppermost portion of a building constructed for the purpose of separating the building interior from the outdoors and excluding exterior environmental conditions from the interior.

Main Purpose of Roof

to prevent penetration of rain into the building and diversion of water to a plumbing drain, gutter, or other means of disposal. Must be structured to span across space and carry its own weight as well as the weight of any attached equipment and accumulated rain and snow.

Ridge

the horizontal intersection at the apex of the two rising roof surfaces inclined in opposite Directions.

Pitch

the slope of the roof is expressed as the ration between the rise and horizontal span of the roof. Also, expressed in terms of angle of inclination.

Eaves

Lower portion of the inclined roof which projects beyond the outer face of the wall.

Eave Height

the distance from the ground to the lowest point at which the sidewall intersects the roof plane at the eave.G

Gable

the triangular upper part of the wall at the end of a ridge roof.

Purlins

Horizontal members laid on principal rafters on wall-to-wall to support common rafters of a roof when the span is large. Made from wood or steel.

Fascia Board

Wooden board fixed to the feet of the common rafter at eaves. The ends of the lower-most roof covering material rest upon it.

Hip

The outer angle (more than 180) formed by the inclined ridge between two intersecting roof slopes.

Flashing

Strip of impervious material, usually metal, used to exclude water from the junction between a roof covering and another part of the structure.

Flat Roof

a horizontal or nearly horizontal freely from a very slight inclination

Gabled Roof

Walls extended flat to roof

Front Gable

Side Gable

Cross Gable

Simple Hip Roof

Square Hip Roof

Pyramidal Hip Roof

Gambrel Roof

Mansard Roof

Monitor Roof (RIDGE)

Monitor Roof (SAWTOOTH)

Galvanized Iron

also known as GI SHEETS. most common and widely used roofing material. Thickness of the sheet is measured in terms of gauge ranging from No. 24 to No. 30

Abestos Roofing

Abestos Cement, genericized as fibro or fibrolite, short for fibrous cement sheet.

Colorbond Kliplok

a corrosion resistant zinc coated steel sheet pre-painted steel ribbed tray roofing and walling with following special features.

Slate

Available in widths of 6 to 16 inches and lengths of 12 to 26 inches. The basic colors are blue-black, gray and green. Slate may be purchased smooth or rough-textured.

Exterior Wall

Extends from the roof to the foundation walls to separate the interior building environment from the outdoor environment.

Exterior Wall Functions:

Shelter the building interior from wind, rain, snow and extreme temperatures. ● Must be capable of providing privacy to the occupants. ● Must protect the building dirt, noise and unwanted visitors. ● Should be fire resistant and have high resistance to heat flow

Load Bearing

Structural component that resists the weight of all the structural elements resting on it by transferring the weight to the foundation below ● An active structural element of a building.

Non-Load Bearing

A wall which doesn't help the structure to stand up and holds up only itself. ● "CURTAIN WALL"

Precast Walls

load bearing wall constructed by casting concrete in a reusable wall mound or form which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site, lifted and placed in position ● primary objective is to accelerate the speed of the construction

Retaining Walls

Load bearing wall that is specially designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of the overburden soil

Unit Masonry Walls

Usually built of brick, concrete blocks or stone ● The units come in sizes and weights small enough for a mason to handle without additional help

Metal and Glass Facings

The glass may be supported in a light frame, as are windows. ● The frames may be supported at top and bottom at floors or spandrel beams or may be attached to mullions, secondary vertical structural members.

Sandwich Panels

It consists of a core of insulating material sandwiched between two layers of metal, usually steel or aluminum, bonded under pressure. Insulating material may be combustible or non combustible

Custom panels

Hose designed for a specific project, generally multistory buildings.

Commercial panels

Built-up of parts standardized by manufacturers.

Industrial panels

An assembly of stock size, ribbed, fluted or otherwise preformed sheets, standard sash and insulation.

Drywall Partition

This is an interior wall or partition finished in a dry material, usually in the form of prefabricated sheets or panels nailed to studs, as distinguished from one that is plastered. used as interior partitions instead of the usual hollow blocks.