Dr. Bright PSYC 101 - cumulative section for final

teratogens

substances that can harm a developing fetus (drugs, alcohol, certain medications, or environmental pollutants)

narcolepsy

sleep disorder characterized by sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks, often triggered by strong emotions

sleep apnea

sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts, often due to throat muscles relaxing too much

night terrors

episodes of screaming, intense fear, and flailing during sleep, typically occurring in children during deep non-REM sleep.

insomnia

sleep disorder involving difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting restful sleep

MRI

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain's structure

PET scan

measures brain activity by detecting radioactive glucose uptake in active brain regions

EEG

records electrical activity of the brain, often used to study sleep or seizure activity

CT scan

uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the brain or body

pinna

visible part of the outer ear that collects sound waves

ossicles

three tiny bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes) that transmit sound from the eardrum to the inner ear

vestibular canals

fluid-filled structures in the inner ear involved in balance

cochlea

spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear that converts sound vibrations into neural signals

retina

light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye where photoreceptors (rods and cones) are located

cornea

eye's outermost layer that helps focus incoming light

pupil

opening in the center of the eye that adjusts size to control the amount of light entering

lens

flexible, transparent structure that focuses light onto the retina

stages of memory

sensory memory (brief input), short-term/working memory (temporary holding- 7 bits for 30 sec), and long-term memory (storage over time).

partial reinforcement effect

behaviors reinforced intermittently are more resistant to extinction than those reinforced continuously

schedules of partial reinforcement

FR (Fixed Ratio) = high response rate bc of established pattern

VR (Variable rate) and VI (variable interval) = high resistance to extinction

intellectual disability (ID)

condition marked by below-average intelligence and difficulty with daily functioning

- IQ below 70

-85% have mild ID

-1.3:1 M:F ratio

IQ

mental age/chronological age x 100

what is intellectual disability caused by?

genetic conditions, birth complications, or environmental factors

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalytic theory; emphasized unconscious motivations and childhood experiences

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning; demonstrated learning through association using dogs

John Watson

behaviorism; famous for Little Albert experiment showing emotional conditioning

Stanley Milgram

obedience to authority; conducted shock experiments showing people obey orders even when harming others

B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning; studied reinforcement and punishment using Skinner boxes

Albert Bandura

social learning theory; showed people can learn through observation (Bobo doll experiment)

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychology; developed hierarchy of needs

Carl Rogers

humanistic psychologist; emphasized unconditional positive regard and client-centered therapy

Jean Piaget

cognitive development theory; proposed stages of mental development in children