Anatomy & Physiology 12 - Digestion Vocabulary #2

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Nuclease

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22 Terms

1

Nuclease

Hydrolytic enzymes that react with nucleic acids; they are components of both pancreatic juice and intestinal juice

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2

Pancreas

Gland posterior to the stomach that produces the hormones glucagon and insulin as well as pancreatic juice

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3

Amylase

An enzyme that breaks down starches into maltase; Produced by the salivary glands and pancreas

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4

Pancreatic Juice

Exocrine secretion containing amylase, trypsin, nucleases, sodium bicarbonate, and water; water is used as a lubricant and is essential component of hydrolytic reactions; sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the stomach acid; the release of this secretion is triggered by a hormone in the duodenum

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5

Pepsin

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides in digestion; it is activated from its inactive form (pepsinogen) by the HCl in gastric juice

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6

Pepsinogen

Pre-cursor of pepsin that is activated by HCl

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7

Peptidase

Enzymes that break down peptides into amino acids; ensures that amino acids can be absorbed by the small intestine

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8

Peristalsis

Wave-like involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

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9

Pharynx

Portion of the digestive tract between the mouth and the esophagus which serves as a passageway for food

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10

Physical Digestion

Mechanical breaking down of food that occurs in the mouth, stomach, duodenum

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11

Proteases

Protein-digesting enzymes that are produced in pre-cursor form to prevent activity in the cells; pepsinogen & trypsinogen

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12

Pyloric Sphincter

Muscular ring that relaxes to allow small amounts of stomach chyme into the duodenum

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13

Rectum

Last portion of the large intestine that compacts and stores feces until it is defecated

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14

Salivary Amylase

AKA ptyalin; Enzyme in saliva that digests starch (& glycogen) producing maltase; it is denatured in the stomach and digested as with any other protein that is swallowed

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15

Salivary Gland

Set of three exocrine glands that deliver mucus (water) & salivary amylase to the mouth

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16

Salivary Juice

Produced in the mouth in consists of salivary amylase and mucus (water); Starts to break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars and moistens food making it easier to chew and swallow

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17

Small Intestine

Longest part of the digestive tract located between the stomach & the large intestine; consists of the duodenum, ileum, and jejunum; Specialized for digestion, transport, and absorption

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18

Sodium Bicarbonate

Buffering component of pancreatic juice that maintains the pH of the chyme at about 8.4 which is optimal for the function of pancreatic enzymes

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19

Stomach

Muscular organ located between the esophagus and small intestine; Functions include food storage, physical digestion, and chemical digestion

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20

Swallowing

Reflexive action that moves a food bolus through the esophagus

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21

Trypsin

Enzyme component of pancreatic juice that is produced as the precursor trypsinogen and activated by enterokinase; Breaks down large peptides (5-7 AA) to smaller peptides (2-3 AA)

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22

Villus

Fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine that consist of blood capillaries & lacteals; Functions in absorbing the products of digestion (nutrients)

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