Normal Newborn

: What is the normal newborn respiratory rate?

: 30–60 breaths/min; irregular, shallow, periodic breathing is normal.

: Normal newborn heart rate range?

: 110–160 bpm; may be 100 during sleep or up to 180 when crying.

3.

: Normal newborn temperature?

: 97.7–99.5°F (36.5–37.5°C) axillary.

4.

: What is the normal newborn blood pressure?

: Systolic 60–80 / Diastolic 40–50.

5.

: When should the first newborn respirations occur?

: Within the first 30 seconds after birth.

6.

: What does APGAR assess?

: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respirations.

7.

: When is APGAR scored?

: At 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.

8.

: APGAR score of 7–10 indicates what?

: Normal adaptation.

9.

: APGAR score of 4–6 indicates?

: Moderate difficulty; may need oxygen or stimulation.

10.

: APGAR score of 0–3 indicates?

: Severe distress; resuscitation needed.

11.

: What is thermoregulation?

: The newborn’s ability to maintain temperature after leaving the warm intrauterine environment.

12.

: Babies are at high risk for heat loss because?

: Large surface area, thin skin, limited subcutaneous fat.

13.

: Four types of heat loss?

: Convection, Conduction, Radiation, Evaporation.

14.

: Heat loss by convection example?

: Drafts from open doors or fans.

15.

: Heat loss by conduction example?

: Placing baby on a cold scale or surface.

16.

: Heat loss by radiation example?

: Being near a cold window or wall.

17.

: Heat loss by evaporation example?

: Wet amniotic fluid evaporating after birth.

18.

: What is cold stress?

: Excessive heat loss → increased oxygen & glucose use → respiratory distress, hypoglycemia.

19.

: Signs of cold stress?

: Mottled skin, tachypnea, hypoglycemia, weak cry, lethargy.

20.

: Prevention of cold stress?

: Skin-to-skin, drying, warm blankets, warm environment.

21.

: Vitamin K purpose in newborns?

: Prevent bleeding; newborn gut is sterile and cannot produce Vitamin K yet.

22.

: Erythromycin eye ointment purpose?

: Prevent ophthalmia neonatorum from gonorrhea/chlamydia.

23.

: Hepatitis B vaccine timing?

: Given within 24 hours of birth.

24.

: Normal newborn weight range?

: 2500–4000 g (5 lb 8 oz–8 lb 13 oz).

25.

: Normal newborn length?

: 18–22 inches (45–55 cm).

26.

: Normal head circumference?

: 32–36.8 cm.

27.

: Normal chest circumference?

: 30–33 cm (2–3 cm smaller than head).

28.

: Vernix caseosa purpose?

: Protects skin; white cheesy coating.

29.

: Lanugo definition?

: Fine, soft hair covering shoulders/back, common in preterm infants.

30.

: Mongolian spots?

: Bluish-gray patches on buttocks/back; normal in darker-skinned infants.

31.

: Milia?

: Tiny white sebaceous cysts on nose/face.

32.

: Erythema toxicum?

: “Newborn rash” – blotchy red rash with yellow/white papules.

33.

: Caput succedaneum?

: Diffuse swelling that crosses suture lines; resolves in days.

34.

: Cephalohematoma?

: Blood collection under periosteum; does NOT cross sutures.

35.

: Why does cephalohematoma increase jaundice risk?

: Breakdown of pooled blood → ↑ bilirubin.

36.

: Normal newborn breathing pattern?

: Periodic breathing with brief pauses (<15 seconds).

37.

: Abnormal newborn breathing sign?

: Nasal flaring, grunting, retractions.

38.

: Signs of respiratory distress?

: Tachypnea, grunting, cyanosis, retractions.

39.

: What is acrocyanosis?

: Blue hands/feet; normal for first 24–48 hours.

40.

: Central cyanosis indicates?

: Hypoxia; EMERGENCY.

41.

: Newborn stool progression?

: Meconium → transitional → yellow seedy (breastfed) or brown pasty (formula-fed).

42.

: Normal newborn urinary output?

: 6–8 wet diapers/day by day 5.

43.

: When should a newborn pass meconium?

: Within 24–48 hours of birth.

44.

: Rooting reflex?

: Baby turns head toward cheek stimulus.

45.

: Moro reflex?

: Startle reflex → arms extend then retract.

46.

: Palmar grasp?

: Baby grips finger placed in palm.

47.

: Babinski reflex?

: Toes fan outward when sole is stroked.

48.

: Gestational age assessment tool?

: Ballard score.

49.

: Characteristics assessed by Ballard score?

: Neuromuscular and physical maturity.

50.

: Small for gestational age (SGA) risks?

: Hypoglycemia, temperature instability, respiratory distress.

51.

: Large for gestational age (LGA) risks?

: Hypoglycemia, birth trauma, shoulder dystocia.

52.

: Hypoglycemia sign in newborns?

: Jitteriness, weak cry, lethargy, poor feeding.

53.

: Normal newborn blood glucose?

: >40 mg/dL after first few hours of life.

54.

: Best way to promote bonding?

: Skin-to-skin immediately after birth.

55.

: Newborn safe sleep teaching?

: Back to sleep, firm mattress, no blankets or toys