KIN 100 (L1-4 basic scapula) Midterm

what are the 4 subdivisions of anatomy

gross anatomy, neuroanatomy, histology and embryology

what is gross anatomy

the study of what you can see with the plain eye

what is neuroanatomy

the study of the brain and nervous system

what is histology

the study of tissue under a microscope

what is embryology

the study of human development

what are the two ways to study gross anatomy

1) systematically: studying system by system (e.g., skeletal, nervous, etc)

2) regionally: studying region by region (e.g., trunk, upper limbs, head, etc)

what is basal nomia anatomica

anatomical terminology

name the 8 regions studied in regional gross anatomy

1) head

2) neck

3) thorax: chest region covered by the ribcage

4) upper limbs: shoulders to hands

5) back

6) abdomen

7) pelvis/perinium

8) lower limbs: glutes to feet

which plane is this

saggital plane

which plane is this

coronal/frontal plane

which plane is this

transverse plane

what does superior mean

above

what does inferior mean

below

what does anterior mean

in front/to the front

what does posterior mean

behind/to the back

what does lateral mean

away from the midline

what does medial mean

towards the midline

what does median mean

the exact midline

what does superficial mean

towards/on the surface

what does deep mean

away from/beneath the surface

what does external mean

outside, usually referring to hollow organs or a cavity

what does internal mean

inside

what does proximal mean

closer to the trunk

what does distal mean

further from the trunk

what does flexion mean

decreasing a joint angle

what does extension mean

increasing a joint angle

what is hyperextension

additional increase of a joint angle passed what is typical

what is lateral flexion

leaning of the trunk left or right

what is forward flexion

bending or folding of the trunk forward

what is apart of the axial skeleton

the skull, ribcage (ribs and sternum) and vertebral column

what is apart of the appendicular skeleton

everything not apart of the axial skeleton

what is a long bone, provide example(s)

bones that are longer than they are wide, work like levers for movement

e.g., the tibia and fibula

what is a short bone, provide example(s)

cube shaped bones that provide stability and some movement

e.g., carpals

what is a flat bone, provide example(s)

thin, flattened and often curved bones that provide surfaces for muscle attachment and protection for organs

e.g., hip, skull, scapula

what is an irregular bone

a bone with a unique shape that doesn’t fit other categories

e.g., vertebrae

what is a sesamoid bone

a small round bone embedded within tendons that protect tendons from stress

e.g., the patella

what is a tubercle bone marking

a small rounded projection, less rough than a tuberosity

e.g., greater and lesser tubercle of humerus)

what is a malleolus bone marking

a hammer shaped prominent protrusion

e.g., the bumps on the inside and outside of the ankle

what is a tuberosity bone marking

a large round and rough protrusion

e.g., the deltoid tuberosity where the deltoid muscle attaches to the humerus

what is a trochanter bone marking

a large blunt projection on the femur

what is a epicondyle bone marking

a projection above or on a condyle, only at the knee or elbow

what is a crest bone marking

a prominent ridge of a bone

e.g., iliac crest

what is a spine bone marking

sharp, slender process aka spinous process

what is a condyle bone marking

a large, rounded knuckle like process for articulation

e.g., occipital condyles (where skull sits on first vertebra)

what is a trochlea bone marking

a pully-like surface

e.g., portion at elbow that articulates with the ulna

what is a head bone marking

a rounded enlargement at the end of a bone

e.g., head of humerus that fits into the shoulder socket

what is a facet bone marking

a flat or slightly curved articular surface of a synovial joint

e.g., articular facets where adjacent vertebrae connect

what is a foramen bone marking

a round opening where blood vessels, nerves, ligaments, etc can pass through

e.g., vertebral foramen for the spinal cord

what is a meatus bone marking

a tube like passageway through a bone

e.g., ear canal

what is a sinus bone marking

air filled cavity within a bone

what is an alveolus bone marking

a deep narrow pit

e.g., tooth socket

what is a groove/sulcus bone marking

a grove that accommodates a soft structure

e.g., intertubercular groove

what is a notch bone marking

an opening along the edge of a bone to accommodate a soft structure

e.g., trochlear noth on ulna at elbow

what is a fossa bone marking

a borad depression

e.g., glenoid fossa (shoulder socket)

what is a fovea

a small fossa

e.g., costal fovea (small vertebra depression for rib articulation)

what is a process

a projection from the main part of a bone

e.g., spinous process

what is a fibrous joint

fibrous tissue uniting two articulating bones, allowing little to no movement

e.g., syndesmosis between radius and ulna

what is a cartilaginous joint

primary: hyaline cartilage uniting bones allowing temporary growth

e.g., growth plates

secondary: fibrocartilage uniting bones that are strong and slightly moveable

e.g., intervertebral discs

what is a synovial joint

a joint cavity between two bones containing synovial fluid, freely moveable

e.g., where the patella and femur meet

what is label #1

fibrous capsule

what is label #2

synovial membrane

what is label #3

joint capsule

what is label #4

joint cavity containing synovial fluid

what is label #5

articular cartilage

what is label #6

compact bone

what is label #7

periosteum

what is label #8

intrinsic ligament

what is an intrinsic ligament

a thickening of the fibrous joint capsule

what is a plane/gliding synovial joint

typically uniaxial joints permitting gliding and sliding movements

e.g., intercarpal

what is a condyloid synovial joint

biaxial joint allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

e.g., metacarpophalangeal

what is a saddle synovial joint

a biaxial joint allowing movement in two planes

e.g., carpometacarpal joint of thumb

what is a hinge synovial joint

a uniaxial joint allowing flexion and extension

e.g., elbow

what is a pivot synovial joint

a uniaxial joint where a round projection fits in a socket allowing rotation

e.g., proximal radioulnar

what is a ball and socket synovial joint

a multiaxial joint where a round head fits in a concavity allow movement in several axes

e.g., shoulder

what does aponeurosis mean

a thin flat sheet of tendon

what is a concentric contraction

muscle shortening

what is an eccentric contraction

muscle lengthening

what is an isometric contraction

muscle length stays the same

what system is the spine apart of

the central nervous system

what is the difference between the spine and the vertebral column

spine = vertebrae

vertebral column - collection of vertebrae and intervertebral discs

how many of each vertebrae does an adult have total, and per type

total: 33

cervical: 7

thoracic: 12

lumbar: 5

sacral: 5

coccygeal: 3-5 fused

what view are we seeing this vertebrae from

superior

what is label #1

body

what is label #2

pedicle

what is label #3

lamina

what is label #4

vertebral arch

what is label #5

vertebral foramen

what passes through the vertebral foramen

the spinal cord

what is label #6

spinous process

what is label #7

transverse process

what is label #8

superior articular process/facet

what is label #1

body

what is label #2

pedicle

what is label #3

spinous process

what is label #4

transverse process

what is label #5

superior articular process/facet

what is label #6

inferior vertebral process/facet

what is label #7

superior vertebral notch