T level health A1-A11

A1 - what is the equality, diversity and inclusion policy?

- ensures fair and equitable treatment

- prevents prejudice and discrimination

- promotes social inclusion

- complies with Equality act 2010

A1 - what is the safeguarding policy?

provides guidelines on what organisations need to do to protect individuals health, well being and human right

- protects individuals working in the organisation, service users and visitors

- outlines the roles of different agencies in safeguarding

A1 - what is an employment contract?

- sets out employment conditions, rights, responsibilities and duties

A1 - what is a performance review?

- evaluating work performance against standards and expectations to maintain

- facilitating feedback to improve

- providing opportunities to raise concerns or issues

- contributing to continuing professional development (CPD)

A1 - what is the Disciplinary Policy?

- A disciplinary policy is a procedure used to address unsafe or unprofessional staff behavior to protect patients and support safe, person-centered care.

- Steps taken when an employee breaks company rules or fails to meet performance standards

A1 - what is the grievance policy?

- provides opportunities for employees to confidentially raise any concerns, problems or complaints

- grievance = concerns, problems or complaints you may have at work

A1 - The importance of adhering to quality standards, quality management and audit processes within the health and science sector

• ensuring consistency • maintaining health and safety • monitoring processes and procedures • facilitating continuous improvement • facilitating objective, independent reviews (for example enquiries into failures in safeguarding)

A1 - what are the 5 key principles of ethical practice in the health and science sector?

Beneficence, Non-Maleficence, Autonomy and informed consent, truthfulness and confidentiality, Justice

A1 - what is autonomy and informed consent?

- autonomy = everyone has the right to make their own final decision

- informed consent = providing all the information for a person to be able to make their own decision

A1 - what is truthfulness and confidentiality?

- truthfulness = always telling the truth

- confidentiality = keep patient information confidentiality

A1 - what is beneficence?

"doing good"

A1 - what is non-maleficence?

"do no harm"

A1 - what is justice?

fairness, equality, respect for all

A1 - why is it important to follow professional codes of conduct?

- It explains the values and rules staff must follow,

- shows how to behave professionally

- helps people trust the organisation.

A1 - what is Technical occupation?

skilled occupations that a college leaver or an apprentice would be entering, typically requiring qualifications at levels 2/3

- dental nurse

A1 - what is Higher Technical occupation?

require more knowledge and skills acquired through experience in the workplace or further technical education, and typically require qualifications at levels 4/5

- dental technician

A1 - what is a Professional occupation?

occupations where there is a clear career progression from higher technical occupations, as well as occupations where a degree apprenticeship exists

- registered nurse or midwife

A1 - what are some professional societies? (clue: NMC, HCPC, RCN, GMC)

- The Nursing and Midwifery Council

- Health and Care Professions Council

- Royal College of Nursing

- General Medical Council

A1 - what are some opportunities to support progression within the health and science sector

undertaking further/higher education programes

• undertaking apprenticeship/degree apprenticeship

• undertaking continuing professional development (CPD)

• joining professional bodies

• undertaking an internship • undertaking a scholarship

A2 - what employers and organisations in the healthcare sector?

- NHS

- Private healthcare

- Non-profit organisations

- social care services: adult social care, children and young people's social care

A2 - what are some non profit organisations in the uk? (healthcare sector)

- Macmillan Cancer Support

- MIND (mental health problems support)

- Alzheimer's Society

- British Red Cross (emergency support)

- Marie Curie (Hospice care, Nursing at home, Support for families)

A2 - what is primary healthcare?

- first point of contact with a medical practitioner

- accessed directly book an appointment

- Refer to a specialist

- Public Participation Encouraged

- Deals with acute medical treatments (severe and sudden)

- GP, Dentist, A&E

A2 - what is Secondary healthcare?

- services which individuals are referred to

- more and advanced equipment than primary care

- planned care treatment and specific illness

- specialist care

- Hospitals, Cardiologist, Pulmonologist, dermatologist, physiotherapy, Oncologist

A2 - what is tertiary healthcare?

- long term care

- highly specialized care

- end of life care

- can be used as respite care (break for care givers)

- helps chronic care

- care home, organ transplants, intensive care units, specialist children hospitals

A2 - what personal factors can effect the services acessed by an individual

Health condition (e.g. diabetes)

Physical disability (e.g. Muscular Dystrophy)

Mental health (e.g. therapy)

Learning disability (e.g. autusm)

Age (e.g. babies, adults, elderly)

Social care needs (e.g. help with daily tasks)

A2 - what barriers effect access to healthcare? and give an example of each barrier.

- SOCIOECONOMIC (you cant afford cost of service, cant take time off work)

- psychological, (fear of diagnosis, embarrassed, scared)

- PHYSICAL, (lack of access no ramps, Not having sign language interpreters

No braille or large-print information)

- CULTURAL AND LANGUAGE (staff only speaking English, no female staff, some treatment not accessible to some cultures, fear of prejudice)

- GEOGRAPHICAL, (lack of transport, long waiting list for some areas, lack of nearby specialist, unsteady roads or potholes)

A2 - List ways how the use of different developments in technology support the healthcare sector

healthcare apps, assistive computer technology, artificial intelligence,

A2 - what are healthcare applications and how can they help? (with examples)

- Evergreen Life app: helps users monitor their health goals, connects to a GP, medication reminders

- NHS App: order repeat prescription, book appointments, health records, register to be organ donor, find out how NHS uses ur data

- My Diabetes My Way: information, guidance on diet, physical and psychological help, how to monitor glucose levels, diabetes during pregnancy

A2 - 4 Assistive computer technology examples and how they help

- CAD/CAM & 3D printing: Design and make custom medical devices (like prosthetics) quickly and precisely

- Robotic surgery: Robots perform precise, less invasive operations for quicker recovery

- Health implants: Devices placed inside the body (like pacemakers) to improve health or replace body parts

- Machine learning in radiology: Computers help detect diseases early and accurately by analyzing scans

A2 - how can Artificial Intelligence help in the healthcare sector?

- Gives health teams access to more data from many places

- Helps professionals track trends in conditions and treatments

- Supports diagnosis using patient data and smart algorithms

A2 - what are disadvantages of using assistive computer technology in the healthcare sector? (the 4)

- CAD/CAM & 3D printing: Expensive, needs skilled staff, material limits

- Robotic surgery: High cost, special training, risk of tech failure

- Health implants: Infection risk, may need replacement, possible complications

- Machine learning: Data quality issues, misdiagnosis risk, privacy concerns

All: Ethical challenges

A2 - what are the origins of the NHS?

- Founded on 5 July 1948

- First completely free healthcare service

- Result of debate and discussion from early 1900s

- NHS Act 1946 passed when Aneurin Bevan was health minister (It gave the government the power to provide free healthcare to everyone, paid for through taxes.)

A2 - How has the healthcare sector developed since 1945

- Some services added charges due to funding pressures (e.g. prescriptions)

- Private healthcare grew alongside NHS, funded by insurance or payments

- Private sector continues to expand

- Charities like Marie Curie provide health support and care

- More multi-agency working to help individuals

- Increase in community care services (health and social care provided outside hospitals, usually in people's homes or local centers)

A2 - what are 9 future developments in the healthcare sector?

Artificial Intelligence

Technological Infrastructures

Regenerative Medicine

Biomakers

Remote Care

Patient Self-Management

Funding of Services

Private Healthcare Provision

Changes in Patient/ Service user demographics

A2 - how can Ai impact healthcare

AI helps doctors find diseases more quickly and correctly.

It also lets patients enter their symptoms online, and AI guides them to the right healthcare service, saving time.

A2 - how can technological infrastructures help?

Technology lets doctors and nurses work from different places, not just hospitals.

It helps different healthcare teams share information and work together better.

A2 - How can regenerative medicine help? and what is it?

This is new science that can help fix or replace damaged body parts, like scarred skin or injured organs.

A2 - what are biomarkers and how can they help?

These are signs in the body (like in blood tests) that can show if someone might get heart disease early, before symptoms appear.

They help scientists make new medicines faster and more effectively.

A2 - what is remote care and how can it help?

Remote care means getting healthcare without going to a hospital or clinic in person.

Patients can have appointments with doctors online or at mobile clinics that travel to them, making healthcare easier to access and putting less stress on healthcare professionals

A2 - what is patient self management and how can it help?

Patients take care of their own health daily

Use devices like blood pressure monitors or fitness trackers

Follow treatment plans and take medicines properly

Make healthy lifestyle choices like good diet and exercise

A2 - what is the funding of services and how does it help/effect healthcare?

Money used to pay for healthcare services

Can become limited if more people need care

Affects how many services and treatments are available

Healthcare budgets must be carefully managed

A2 - How can private healthcare provision impact healthcare?

Increases overall healthcare options

Can reduce pressure on public NHS services

May cause inequality if some can't afford it

A2 - how does the changes in patient demographics impact healthcare provision?

- changes in life expectancy increases numbers of elderly people

- increase in complex care needs or palliative care, potential under-staffing

- increase in rates of obesity

A2 - why is it important to adhere to national, organisational and departmental policies?

- provide quality standardized care for all patients and service users

- ensure safety for all service users and healthcare professionals

- prevent errors

- provide consistency

- promote health and well-being

- ensure safety and well-being for practitioners

A2 - what are possible consequences of not following policy

- health and safety risks

- harm to self and individuals

- job termination

- negative media coverage

- potentially fail Care Quality Commission (CQC) Inspections

- Deregistration for registered practitioners (for example registered nurse wont be one anymore, taken away by the NMC)

- legal battles, potential criminal prosecution

A2 - examples of policies in healthcare

- Confidentiality

- Storage and Dispensing of Medicines

- Safeguarding

- Whistle blowing

- Health and Safety

- Reporting of Accidents

- Equal Opportunities

A2 - What is whistle blowing?

- Reporting unsafe, illegal, or wrong actions at work to protect patients and staff; whistle blowers are protected by law.

A2 - how is the public sector funded?

tax funded, national insurance and government health sector policy

A2 - how is private sector funded?

premiums

one off payments

government health sector policy (Regulate private healthcare to ensure quality and safety

Allow some partnerships or contracts with private providers for NHS services)

A2 - how is the voluntary and charity sector funded?

fundraising

donations

grants

workers don't get paid

some government funds

A2 - What is evidence-based practice?

Using the best scientific facts, knowledge, data and statistics to make decisions and guide healthcare work.

It helps ensure treatments and care are safe and effective.

A2 - how is evidence based practice applied?

- Combine research with clinical skills and judgement

- Check if research and data are trustworthy

- Use results to improve care or try new methods

- Review if changes have made a positive impact

A2 - how does evidence based practice benefit and improve the healthcare sector?

For the population:

- Better person-centred care

- Improved patient outcomes and safety

- Fair access to services

- Guides health promotion

For the sector:

- Higher quality care

- Saves money

- Boosts skills and knowledge

For healthcare workers:

- More job satisfaction

- Feeling empowered

- Keeps learning and improving

A2 - what is flat structure and pros and cons.

- A flat structure means a workplace has few or no levels of middle management between staff and leaders.

- Pros:

Quick communication

Employees have more responsibility

Encourages teamwork

Cons:

Unclear who's in charge

Roles can be confusing

Hard to manage large teams

A2 - what is tiered hierarchical structure and pros and cons.

- A tiered hierarchical structure is an organisation with many levels of management arranged like a ladder.

Each level has clear authority over the level below it, creating a chain of command.

Staff report to their immediate manager, who reports to a higher manager, and so on up to the top leader.

- Pros:

Clear roles and responsibilities

Easy to manage large organisations

Strong leadership and control

Cons:

Slower communication

Decisions take longer

Less staff involvement in decisions

A2 - what are external agencies? examples

Organisations outside healthcare that support patients

Social workers: Help with housing and social support

Charities: Provide specialist care (e.g., Marie Curie)

Community groups: Offer meals, transport, companionship

Local authorities: Provide social care and public health services

Work with healthcare teams to meet all patient needs

( NHS Supply Chain) NHSSC provide equipment

A2 - what is multi-disciplinary teams?

INTEGRATED CARE teams working within the healthcare organisations, all have different roles.

A2 - how do multi-disciplinary and multi-agency teams work together effectively as part of organisational structures?

- Respect colleagues

- Build good relationships

- Take responsibility for own role

- Accept and give helpful feedback

- Share best practices and help solve problems

- Listen carefully to others

- Share info to ensure continuous care, including social care

A2 - what is a job description and what is included?

- a description that sets out all specific responsibilities of a job role. includes:

- scope of the role, main focus

- responsibilities

- information about how and who to report things to

- accountabilities

A2 - what are the person specifications in a job description?

- Experience required

- essential and desirable skills

- attributes required

- qualifications required

- mandatory training

- registeration required (eg: have to be registered by NMC to be a registered nurse)

A2 - what are career pathway opportunities for empowerment and progression within the healthcare sector as defined by the ifATE occupational maps?

career pathways as per the occupational maps: o healthcare assistant

o community health and wellbeing work

o healthcare support worker in a health setting

o senior healthcare support worker in a health setting:

▪ adult nursing support

▪ allied health profession - therapy support

▪ children and young people

▪ maternity support

▪ mental health support ▪ theatre support

A2 - what are external factors and what are potential impacts?

External factors like pandemics, extreme weather, infrastructure issues, geographical disasters, and government policies can affect healthcare services.

impacts:

service overload

not enough staff

hard-to-access services.

Other impacts include damage to buildings, higher demand for equipment, supply chain delays, and the need to activate emergency plans.

A2 - what can a disaster recovery plan for a hospital cover?

- communication, how will the hospital be notified of an external disaster?

- resources and equipment, extra supplies should be kept

- safety and security needs to be ensured from ppl entering and exiting

- all staff should be trained is cases of emergencies and they should know who will be in charge

- hospital needs to ensure there is enough oxygen, water, fuel and electricity

- ensure plan is tested regularly and evaluate what needs to be updated

A2 - what is the difference between epidemic, pandemic and endemic?

An epidemic is a sudden outbreak of a disease in one area

A pandemic is a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or worldwide

An endemic is a disease that stays in one area over time, at a steady rate.

A2 - what is a public health approach?

A public health approach focuses on preventing illness and improving health for large groups of people, not just treating individuals. improving the health of a whole population

A2 - who is involved of public health protection? (clue: WHO, UKHSA, NIHP, DHSC) and what do they do?

World Health Organization (WHO): Tracks diseases and outbreaks (e.g. COVID-19)

Gives advice and sets health standards for countries

Helps countries improve healthcare systems and prevent illness

The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA): Monitors and responds to health threats (like outbreaks, infections, emergencies)

Provides testing, data, and advice to help prevent and control disease

National Institute for Health Protection (NIHP):

A former name used during the setup of UKHSA

Its goal was to protect people from external health threats like viruses and outbreaks

Now replaced by UKHSA, which continues that work

Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC):

A UK government department that oversees health and social care services

Sets national health policy and manages the NHS budget

Works to improve healthcare, public health, and adult social care

Supports prevention, innovation, and patient safety across the system

A2 - What are the benefits of public health approaches to regional and national health?

- Raises public awareness about health risks

- Educates people on healthy living and self-care

- Improves long-term health across generations

- Reduces the need for social care services

- Lowers the number of preventable illnesses

Eases pressure on the NHS

A3 - What is the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974?

The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 is a UK law that ensures workplaces are safe for staff and the public.

Employers must provide a safe environment, proper training, and protective equipment.

Employees must follow safety procedures and report hazards.

Example: A hospital must train staff on infection control and provide PPE.

A3 - What are the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999?

These regulations aim to reduce accidents and injuries at work by making employers assess and manage risks.

Employers must carry out risk assessments, plan safe working procedures, and train staff.

Example: A care home must assess the risk of slips and put up warning signs when floors are wet.

A3 - What is the purpose of the COSHH Regulations 2002 (amended 2004)?

COSHH requires employers to prevent or reduce exposure to harmful substances at work.

They must assess risks, store chemicals safely, and train staff on handling them.

A3 - What is the purpose of the Personal Protective Equipment at Work (Amendment) Regulations 2022?

These regulations require employers to provide suitable PPE to protect employees, visitors, and clients from harm.

PPE includes items like gloves, masks, goggles, and helmets, depending on the risks.

A3 - What is the purpose of RIDDOR 2013?

RIDDOR (Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013) is a UK law that requires employers, managers, and others in control of work premises to report and keep records of:

Serious workplace injuries

Work-related illnesses

Dangerous occurrences (near misses)

Reporting is done to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE).

This helps monitor health and safety, investigate causes, and prevent future accidents.

A3 - What is the purpose of the Environmental Protection Act 1990?

The Environmental Protection Act 1990 is a UK law that improves control of pollution to air, water, and land.

It sets rules for how waste is managed and how harmful emissions are controlled.

A3 - What is the purpose of the Special Waste Regulations 1996?

This law controls how special (hazardous) waste is moved, imported, and exported.

It aims to prevent pollution from waste and ensures that waste projects assess their impact on the environment.

A3 - What is the purpose of the Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2005?

This law controls how hazardous waste is stored, transported, and disposed of.

Its goal is to make sure hazardous waste is managed safely and risks to people and the environment are reduced.

A3 - What is the purpose of The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations (2013)?

This law aims to reduce electronic and electrical waste going to landfill or being burned.

It requires businesses to properly store and transport electrical waste to encourage recycling and safe disposal.

A3 - What is the purpose of the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order (RRO) 2005?

This law aims to reduce death, injury, and damage caused by fire.

It requires employers to do a fire risk assessment and have fire evacuation procedures in place for all organisations.

A3 - What is the purpose of the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (as amended)?

This law requires employers to assess and reduce risks to employees when lifting, moving, or positioning objects, people, or animals.

It also focuses on improving workplace ergonomics to prevent injuries.

A3 - What is the purpose of the Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992?

Employers must assess risks at workstations with screens (like computers) to reduce health problems.

This includes checking posture, lighting, and breaks to prevent issues like eye strain and repetitive strain injuries.

A3 - What are the 5 Steps to Risk Assessment by the Health and Safety Executive?

Step 1: Identify hazards

Step 2: Decide who might be harmed and how

Step 3: Evaluate risks and decide on precautions

Step 4: Record findings and implement them (complete paperwork)

Step 5: Review and update the assessment if needed

A3 - How is health and safety at work promoted?

Encourage individuals to care for their own and others' safety

Model good practice (e.g., handwashing, wearing PPE)

Follow organisational policies and emergency procedures

Display clear information and guidance visibly

Record and report issues and concerns properly

Maintain and remove faulty equipment

Use correct manual handling techniques

Keep work environments clean and hazard-free

Store equipment and materials safely

Complete required statutory training

A3 - How to deal with harmful situations (e.g., hazardous spill) in health or science settings?

Follow organisational health and safety procedures

Keep yourself and others safe, evacuate if needed

Secure the area to prevent more harm

Report or escalate the incident properly

Debrief and reflect to find root causes

Take steps to prevent it happening again

A4 - What is the purpose of workplace health and safety regulations in the health sector?

Maintain safety and wellbeing of individuals and healthcare workers

Reduce risks to individuals and healthcare professionals

Provide a duty of care to both individuals and healthcare workers

A4 - What is the purpose of the Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981?

legal guidelines for employers within the health sector to provide adequate and appropriate equipment, facilities and personnel to ensure their employees receive immediate attention if they are injured or taken ill at work

Makes sure employers provide first aid equipment and trained staff

Helps workers get quick care if they get hurt or sick at work

Keeps the workplace safe and reduces accidents

Employers must check what first aid is needed for their workplace

Makes sure rules are followed to protect everyone's health and safety

A4 - What is the purpose of the Care Act (2014)?

Helps people stay independent and improve wellbeing

Local authorities must provide or arrange services to support this

Aims to stop people from needing care in the first place

Works to prevent health from getting worse that would need long-term care

A4 - What is the purpose of the Ionising Radiation Regulations (2017)?

Employers must protect workers and the public from radiation

Covers radiation from work activities

Includes protection from radioactive substances

Applies to all types of ionising radiation

A4 - What is the purpose of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)?

Makes sure medicines and medical devices work properly

Ensures they are safe to use

A4 - what are the responsibilities of a trained first aider?

Provide first aid treatment for minor injuries and illnesses

Refer the casualty for further treatment if needed

Keep the first aid box/kit clean, tidy, and fully stocked

Ensure support is fair and meets the individual's needs without discrimination

A4 - What is the role of the Resuscitation Council (UK) and what do their resuscitation guidelines cover?

Promotes and publishes high-quality scientific resuscitation guidelines

Develops educational materials for resuscitation

Supports research into resuscitation

Provides detailed info on basic and advanced life support for adults, children, and newborns

Includes information on using external defibrillators

A4 - Information for the use of an external defibrillator

Call 999

start CPR

Switch to defibrillator

follow it's instructions

A4 - what is the purpose of manual handling regulations and training, and why is it important to follow policy and guidance when moving, positioning people, equipment or other objects safely

the main aim of the regulations is to prevent injury or harm

prevent back pain and other musculoskeletal disorders that can make you unable to work

prevent discomfort for the person being moved and prevent accidents

Following policy and guidance protects individuals and healthcare workers from harm, meets insurance requirements, and ensures compliance with mandatory rules.

A5 - What are common methods used to collect data in healthcare?

focus groups: used to gather detailed opinions and ideas from a small group; best for exploring feelings and attitudes.

open and closed question surveys

interviews

observation: watching behaviours in real-time; best for studying actions and routines.

public databases: large sets of existing data; best for broad statistical analysis.

journals and articles

practical investigations

statistics.

A5 - what are open and closed questions?

Open questions let people answer in their own words (e.g., "How do you feel today?").

Closed questions have fixed answers, like yes/no or multiple choice (e.g., "Do you smoke? Yes or No?").

A5 - What factors should be considered when selecting ways to collect and record information and data?

Data type: qualitative or quantitative (e.g., patient history vs lab results)

Best method of data collection: manual or automated

Best way to present data: graphs, charts, tables

Depth of analysis needed: spreadsheets, databases

Intended audience

Storage method: digital or paper-based

A5 - what is quantitative data and qualitative data?

Quantitative data is information you can count or measure, like numbers or amounts.

Qualitative data is information that describes qualities or characteristics, like opinions, feelings, or descriptions.

A5 - Why is accuracy, attention to detail, and legibility important in written healthcare data?

• comply with legal requirements (for example UK General Data Protection Regulations (UK GDPR))

• limit liability (for example ensuring anonymity and informed consent)

• provide an accurate account of events

• inform integrated working and data sharing

• ensure accurate analysis of findings

• support with audit trails • ensure reproducibility of results

A5 - What are the strengths and limitations of different data sources in health and science?

- Results of investigations:

Strength: Consistent results in controlled settings

Limitation: Risk of over-extrapolation

- Patient history

Strength: Detailed info over time

Limitation: May be incomplete or inaccurate

- Patient test results

Strength: Standardised and reliable tests

Limitation: Some subjectivity in results

- Published literature

Strength: Peer-reviewed, improving validity

Limitation: May be biased or fraudulent

- Real-time observation

Strength: Immediate data

Limitation: Can be subjective

A5 - How is new technology used to record and report information and data in health and science?

AI and machine learning analyze large data sets with bioinformatics tools.

Mobile tech/apps capture health and location data, like track and trace.

Cloud-based systems (e.g., electronic health records) allow easy data sharing.

Digital info management creates digital audit trails.

Data-visualisation tools combine data from multiple sources for clear presentation.

A5 - How is personal information protected by data protection laws and policies?

The Data Protection Act 2018 controls how organisations, businesses, and the government use personal information to keep it safe and private.

A5 - What does UK GDPR do to protect personal information?

UK GDPR sets rules that organisations must follow when handling sensitive data. It makes sure data is used fairly, kept safe, only used for the right reasons, and updated if needed. It also gives people rights to see, fix, or delete their data. This helps keep organisations responsible and transparent.