Biological Classification and Cell Theory

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to biological classification, cellular structure, and genetic information transfer as discussed in the lecture.

Systema Naturae

The classification system developed by Carolus Linnaeus to categorize living organisms into a hierarchy of five kingdoms based on similarities and differences.

5-Kingdom Classification System

A taxonomic hierarchy established by Linnaeus consisting of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Monera

The kingdom of unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus.

Protista

The kingdom of unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.

Fungi

The kingdom comprising both unicellular and multicellular organisms with a nucleus, and are saprophytic.

Plantae

The kingdom of multicellular organisms with a nucleus that are phototrophic.

Animalia

The kingdom of multicellular organisms with a nucleus that are heterotrophic.

Molecular Biology

The study of the molecular basis of biological activity, particularly concerning DNA and protein synthesis.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that translate genetic information from RNA to synthesize proteins.

Prokaryotes

Organisms with a simple cell structure without a nucleus, classified under Domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with complex cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

The transfer of genetic material between organisms other than through descent or reproduction.

Endosymbiotic Theory

A theory that suggests some eukaryotic organelles originated from free-living prokaryotes that took up residence within another cell.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments within a cell that provides structural support and is involved in cell division.

Phototrophs

Organisms that obtain energy from light.

Chemotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy from chemical compounds.

Autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food from inorganic substances.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain food by consuming other organisms.

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through respiration.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plants that conduct photosynthesis.