Muscular System

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

Extension

Increases the angle of a joint

Elevation

Raising a body part

Depression

Lowering a body part

Rotation

Circular movement around an axis

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb at the far end

Supination

Movement that turns the palm up

Pronation

Movement that turns the palm down

Dorsiflexion

Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

Plantar flexion

Bends the foot downward at the ankle; pointing toes

Hyperflexion

Flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits

Types of muscle

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Tendons

Narrow band of nonelastic,dense fibroids connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

Fascia

A band of connective tissue that envelops, separates or bonds together muscle or groups of muscles ; fascia is flexible to allow muscle movement

Muscle fibers

Long, slender cells that make up muscles; each muscle consists of a group of fibers that are bound together by connective tissue

How many muscles does the body have?

More than 600 (40-45 percent of total body weight)

Location of smooth muscle

Walls of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory passageways

Location of cardiac muscle

Wall of heart

Location of skeletal muscle

Attached to bones

Cell characteristics of smooth muscle

Tapered at each end, branching networks, non-striated

Cell characteristics of cardiac muscle

Branching networks, single nucleus, lightly striated

Cell characteristics of skeletal muscle

Long and cylindrical; multinucleated; heavily striated

Control of smooth muscle

Involuntary

Control of cardiac muscle

Involuntary

Control of skeletal muscle

Voluntary

Action of smooth muscle

Produces peristalsis; contracts and relaxes slowly; may sustain contraction

Action of cardiac muscle

Pumps blood out of heart; self-excitatory but influenced by nervous system and hormones

Action of skeletal muscle

Produces movement at joints; stimulated by nervous system; contracts and relaxes rapidly

Functions of the muscular system

- muscles hold the body erect & make movement possible
- muscle movement generates nearly 85% of the heat that keep the body warm
- muscle move food through the digestive system
- muscle movement (walking) aid the flow of blood through veins as it returns to the heart
- muscle action moves fluid through the ducts and tubes associated with other body systems

Characteristics of the muscular system

excitability, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity

Define excitability

Ability to receive and respond to a stimulus; in order to function properly, muscles have to respond to a stimulus from the nervous system

Define contractibility

Ability to shorten or contract; when a muscle responds to a stimulus, it shortens to produce movement

Define extensibility

A muscle that can be stretched or extended; skeletal muscles are often arranged in opposing pairs; when a muscle contract, the other muscle is relaxed and is stretched

Define elasticity

The capacity to recoil or return to the original shape and length after contraction or extension

Define kinesiology

study of human body movement & physical activity

What's the arrangement of muscle pairs?

Antagonistic

Define Antagonistic

Refers to working in opposition to each other

Describe how antagonistic pairs of muscle work

When one muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes

Define contraction

The tightening of a muscle; the muscle becomes shorter & thicker, causing the belly (center) of the muscle to enlarge

Define relaxation

Occurs when a muscle returns to its original form; the muscle becomes longer & thinner, the belly (center) of the muscle is no longer enlarged

Define muscle tone/ tonus

The state of balanced muscle tension (contraction & relaxation) that makes normal posture coordination and movement possible

Muscle innervation

The stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

What does striated mean?

Striped or banded appearance

What's another word for smooth muscle?

Visceral

What's another word for cardiac muscle?

Myocardial

Define neuromuscular

Pertains to the relationship between muscles and nerves

Define the term range of motion (ROM)

Exercises used to increase strength, flexibility and mobility

What are the 2 types of ROM?

Active and passive

Define active ROM

The patient is able to move all joints and muscles through his or her ROM without assistance.

Define passive ROM

The patient is unable to move all joints and muscle through his or her ROM without assistance.

Define peristalsis

Wavelike movement that propels the food through the digestive system

Define muscle origin

It is where the muscle begins and it is located nearest the midline of the body. Less movable part/attachment of the skeleton

Define muscle insertion

where the muscle ends. It is the more movable attachment and it is the farthest point from the midline of the body

Define Muscle body

main part of the muscle (belly)

abductors

a muscle that moves a body part away from the midline

adductors

a muscle that moves a body part toward the midline

levators

the muscle that raises a body part

depressor

the muscle that lowers a body part

flexors

bends a limb at a joint

extensors

straightens a limb at a joint

rotators

turns a body part on its axis

What muscles are named for their location

flexors, extensors, rotators, abductors, adductors, levators, depressors

What muscles are named for their location?

lateralis, medialis, pectoral, external, internal

lateralis muscle (later/o)

means toward the side

medialis (medi/o)

means towards the midline

pectoral (pector/o)

means relating to the chest

external muscle is..

on the outside

internal muscle is..

on the inside

Muscles named for their fiber direction are..

rectus, oblique, transverse, circularis, sphincter

Rectus

means in straight alignment with the verticle axis of the body

Oblique

means slanted or at an angle

transverse (trans-)

means in straight alignment with the verticle axis

circularis (circ/i)

shaped like a circle

Sphincter

a ring like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

Muscles named for number of divisons

biceps, triceps, quadriceps

Muscles named for their size

vastus, maximus (major), minimus, longus, brevis

Vastus

huge

maximus (major)

large

minimus (minor)

small

longus

long

brevis

short

muscles named for their shape

circular, and triangular

Orthopedic surgeon

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles

Rheumatologist

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissue.

Neurologist

physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in where there is loss of function

physiatrist

physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation w/ the focus being on restoring function

my/o and muscul/o

muscle

kinesi/o

movement

cardi/o

heart

orth/o

straight, normal, correct

-al

pertaining to

-ceps

head

ab-

away from, negative, absent

viscer/o

internal organ

Rheumat/o

watery flow, subject to flow

neur/o

nerve, nerve tissue

ad-

toward, to, in the direction of

Sports medicine physician

specializes in the prevention and treatments of injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles for athletes and other active individuals