2700 chapter 2 and 3

The Lamaze method

A method of "prepared" childbirth involving relaxation and controlled breathing.

The Leboyer method

A method of childbirth where delivery occurs in a quiet, dimly lit room and the infant's head is not pulled, minimizing the trauma for the newborn and allowing for immediate bonding between mother and child

Dick-Read Method

natural child birth;
focuses on fear reduction and abdominal breathing to make sure the mother is relaxed

Bradley method of childbirth

Designed to promote natural and healthy childbirth without medication or surgery. Classes focus on nutrition, relaxation, and breathing exercises and instructing fathers as labor coaches.

Alexander Technique

a technique used during child birth that involves training to stop habitual reactions to pain such as tensing muscles and increase conscious awareness and control over posture and free movement during labor. using body positioning that is beneficial to the labor.

water birth

relaxes mother, shortens labor, and reduces complications

lotus birth

Leaving placenta attached to infant until umbilical cord dries & separates naturally, which generally happens 3-10 days after birth

Silent Birth

Sometimes known as quiet birth, is a birthing procedure advised by L. Ron Hubbard and advocated by Scientologists in which "everyone attending the birth should refrain from spoken words as much as possible."

medicated childbirth

Relieves pain typically through an epidural

how many women in Canada have epidurals

71%

canada has experienced a steady increase in non-hospital births from 2005 to 2015

by 113%

how many midwives does Canada have per 10 000

0.51

fertility treatment

causing rates of multiple babies to go up

Cryopreservation

freezing eggs or sperm for later use

antenatal

conception to postpartum

pregnancy

Condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks

prenatal

process that transforms a zygote into a newborn

why do we see malnutrition in women in the first trimester in Canada

because of morning sickness

hyperanysis

consistent vomiting throughout the entire pregnancy, 1 in 50 women get this

first trimester

zygote to implantation, 1-12 weeks

second trimester

12-24 weeks, can feel fetus moving

third trimester

25+ weeks, increased emotional attachment to the fetus

Preeclampsia and eclampsia

Most common hypertensive disorder; develops during pregnancy and is characterized by elevated blood pressure, edema and proteinuria; characterized by an increase BP of 30mmHg systolic and/or diastolic increase of 15mmHg diastolic; 10 weeks gestation or 48 hours post delivery; major cause of maternal death, fetal hypoxia and death; predominately primigravida

Risk factors of preeclampsia

-History of preeclampsia
nulliparous
-first pregnancy
-Age 35+ or teens
-Central Obesity
-Diabetes
-Multifetal Pregnancy
-Chronic Disease

what is the age of viability in Ontario

23 weeks, intervention starts at 24 weeks

what is the likelihood of survival at different weeks?

23 weeks- 17%
24 weeks- 39%
25 weeks- 50%
26 weeks- 80%
27 weeks- 90%
28-31 weeks- 90-95%
32-33 weeks- 95%
34 weeks- almost fully likely

why are we intervening a lot earlier

Trend is we are helping sooner and sooner because we have more precision medicine to increase survival rates. Age is viability is decreasing because survival is increasing.

9-12 weeks of development

fingerprints, grasping reflex, facial expressions, swallowing

13-16 weeks

hair follicles, respond to mother's voice and loud noises, 8-12 cm long, crown to rump, weights 25-100mg

17-20 weeks

fetal movements felt by mother, heartbeat detectable with stethoscope, hair covers body, eyes respond to light introduced into the womb, eyebrows, finger nails

21-24 weeks

vernix (oily substance) protects skin, lungs produce surfactant, viability becomes possible

25-28 weeks

recognition of mother's voice, regular periods of rest and activity, good chance of survival if born now

28-32 weeks

very rapid growth, antibodies acquired from mother, fat deposited under skin

33-36 weeks

movement to head-down position for birth, lungs mature

37+ weeks

full term status

what is the difference between gender

females are more sensitive to external stimulation and advance more rapidly in skeletal development where as males are more physically active in utero and vulnerable to all kinda of prenatal problems and are more likely to be spontaneously aborted and have birth defects

genetic disorders

such as autosomal dominant disorders, autosomal recessive disorders, sex-linked recessive disorders

autosomal dominant disorders

Huntington disease and achondroplasia

autosomal recessive disorders

Tay-Sachs, Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria

sex-linked recessive disorders

color blindness, duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, missing front teeth

chromosomal errors

trisomy, anomalies with sex chromosomes (turner's syndrome)

teratogens

obesity, alcohol, smoking, marijuana, depression, anxiety

APGAR score

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

Impacts of preterm

life long effects such as cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, visual and hearing impairment, poor health and growth and behavioural and social-emotional problems

extremely low birth weight

born weighing less than 2.3 pounds

very low birth weight

born weighing less than 3.9 pounds

low birth weight

born weighing les than 5.5 pounds

normal birth weight

born 5.8 to 8.13 pounds

average birth weight

is 8.71 pounds but birth weight is getting bigger

the effects of low birth weight and very low birth weight

negative effects on mental and motor development and growth at 9 months to 2 years (mental effects lessen as they get older)

prenatal care

for mother- blood pressure, urine, weight gain, blood work

Intrapartum Care

labour and delivery

Postpartum care

The care the mother receives during the 6 to 8 weeks following the birth of her baby.

why is home birth better

the environment makes a big impact on experiences and a lot of people are sick in hospitals

how many first time mothers want home births? how many second time moms?

9% first, 21% second

Stage 1 of labor

begins with onset of regular contractions and ENDS when cervix is completely effaced and dilated

stage 2 of labor

cervix is dilated completely and baby is born

stage 3 of labor

delivery of placenta

stage 4 of labor

the first few hours after birth

process of birth complication

fetal distress (sudden fetal heart rate) and anoxia (oxygen deprivation)

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking.

how can the use of cannabis during pregnancy impact the fetus ?

can impact brain development, behaviour, mental health

how can untreated depression ?

untreated depression can lead to negative social interactions, less eye contact and less playfulness which makes babies cry more and have trouble sleeping

Key issues in first trimester

Ectopic pregnancy, abnormal urine or blood tests, increased blood pressure, malnutrition, bleeding, miscarriage

Key issues in second trimester

gestational diabetes; excessive weight gain; increased blood pressure; Rh incompatibility of mother and fetus; miscarriage 13-20 weeks; premature labour 21+ weeks

Key issues in third trimester

increased blood pressure, bleeding, premature labour, bladder infection, toxemia

environment correlations

the processes by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environment

passive genotype-environment correlations

occurs when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides

evocative genotype-environment correlations

refers to how the social environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics

Genotype-Envrionment Interaction

involves genetic susceptibility

epigenetic framework

Relationship between heredity and environment

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells

sex chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes.

Genotype

sum of total of all genes a person inherits

Phenotype

the features that are actually expressed

Homozygous

same version of gene from mom and dad

Heterozygous

different version of a gene from mom and dad

Polygenetic

many characteristics are the result of several genes working together

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape - recessive disorder

cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. - recessive disorder

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

an inherited disorder of protein metabolism in which the absence of an enzyme leads to a toxic buildup of certain compounds, causing intellectual disability - recessive disorder

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)

a hereditary disease marked by progressive physical degeneration, mental retardation, and early death- recessive disorder

albinism

Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes- recessive disorder

Huntington's disease

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.- autosomal dominant disease

Tourette syndrome

involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words- autosomal dominant disorders

Achondroplasia

A form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele; the homozygous condition is lethal- autosomal dominant disorders

Fragile X Syndrome

a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation- sex linked

Hemophilia

A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding- sex linked

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

progressive disease that weakens the muscles of the shoulder and pelvic girdle- sex linked

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.- autosomal chromosome

Trisomy 9 Mosaicism

Caused by having an extra chromosome 9 in some cells. The severity of effects relates to the proportion of cells with extra chromosomes. The effects include fetal growth restriction resulting in low birth weight and multiple anomalies, including facial, cardiac, musculoskeletal, genital, kidney, and respiratory abnormalities.- autosomal chromosomes

trisomy 13

*Extra 13th* chromosome
47 instead of 46 chromosomes
Severe birth defects: clefts, extra fingers/toes
Often heart, brain or spinal abnormalities
Short life span - autosomal chromosome

trisomy 18

Edwards syndrome

Turner Syndrome (XO)

affects females, short stature, infertility- sex linked chromosomal

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)

an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities- sex linked chromosomal

XYY syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome. - sex linked chromosomal

Triple X Syndrome (XXX)

Extra X chromosome. Tallness and impaired verbal intelligence. Female sexual development and fertility are normal.- sex linked chromosomal

the germinal period

The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation.

the embryonic period

the period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

fetal period

9 weeks to birth