GN 1

Why did the Federalists argue that the Bill of Rights was unnecessary?

The federal government has very limited powers and can only do what is enumerated or expressed, so adding a Bill of Rights would be unnecessary.

What is the difference between Civil Liberties and Civil Rights?

Civil liberties are things the government cannot do to you (first 10 amendments), while civil rights are things the government must do for citizens.

What is meant by DUAL citizenship?

You are a citizen of both the U.S. and the state where you reside.

What is the importance of the 14th Amendment in reference to Civil Liberties and Rights?

It prevents states from making or enforcing laws that abridge U.S. citizens’ rights, ensures due process, and guarantees equal protection under the law.

What concept did the ruling in the Slaughterhouse Cases establish?

The Bill of Rights was not intended to apply entirely to the states. This ruling later justified racial discrimination at the state level.

What was the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

It established the “separate but equal” doctrine, allowing racial segregation and enabling Jim Crow laws.

Which Supreme Court case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson?

Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

What was the significance of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) in reference to the application of the Bill of Rights?

It applied the Bill of Rights to states and required them to follow federal desegregation orders.

Summarize the two phases of the Nationalization of the Bill of Rights by the Supreme Court.

1. The SC took a passive role when Congress expanded the commerce clause, increasing federal power over economics. 2. The SC took an active role in reviewing state laws and decisions regarding civil liberties and rights