Anatomy Lecture Exam 1

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Muscle of the neck that acts to flex the neck and laterally rotate the head

Separates the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck

Explain how the sternocleidomastoid muscle is an important landmark

Sternocleidomastoid and scalene

Two muscles in the neck that are accessory muscles of inspiration

Sternocleidomastoid

Muscle that passes obliquely across the side of the neck

Trapezius muscle

Superficial muscle; biggest muscle of the upper back. Goes down to T12

Superior region

Intermediate region

Inferior region

What are the 3 regions of the trapezius muscle?

Superior region

Region of the trapezius muscle that supports the weight of the upper limb

Descending part

What is another name for the superior region of the trapezius muscle?

Intermediate region

Part of the trapezius muscle that retracts the scapula

Transverse part

What is another name for the intermediate region of the trapezius muscle?

Inferior region

Part of the trapezius muscle that medially rotates and depresses the scapula

Ascending part

What is another name for the inferior region of the trapezius muscle?

Splenius capitus

Muscle of the posterior neck that functions to extend the head

C7 to T3 and T4

What vertebra does the splenius capitus muscle run across?

Levator scapulae

Posterior muscle of the neck that rises from the transverse process of the atlas and axis (C1 and C2), and goes down to the 3rd and 4th cervical body

Elevates the scapula

These are the muscles that get affected when a person hangs themselves

What is the clinical importance of the levator scapulae muscles?

Hyoid bone

The only bone in the human skeleton that is not articulated to any other bone. Supported by the muscles of the neck and in turn supports the root of the tongue

Lingual bone

Another name for the hyoid bone

Digastric muscle

Stylohyoid muscle

Mylohyoid muscle

Geniohyoid muscle

List the suprahyoid muscles

Digastric muscle

This muscle depresses the mandible. When one opens their mouth they are depressing the mandible. Helps to make up the floor of the mouth

Facial nerve

What nerve innervates the stylohyoid muscle?

Mylohyoid and geniohyoid

Muscles that anatomically and functionally form the floor of the mouth. They elevate the tongue and depress the mandible

Elevate the tongue and depress the mandible

What are the functions of the mylohoid and geinohyoid muscles?

Strap muscles

Another name for the infrahyoid muscles

Sternothyroid muscle

Sternohyoid muscle

Thyrohyoid muscle

Omohyoid muscle

List the infrahyoid muscles

Infrahyoid muscles

Four muscles in the anterior part of the neck, below the hyoid bone. Anchor the hyoid bone and depress the hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speaking

Swallowing and speaking

What are 2 functions that the infrahyoid muscles are important for?

Platysma

Large superficial muscle that overlaps the SCM. Broad sheet-like muscle. One of the largest breathing muscles

Jugular veins

Veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava

Internal and external jugular

Two sets of jugular veins are ____ and ____

Internal jugular

Vein that drains the dural sinuses of the brain

External jugular

Vein that runs superficially across the SCM. Drains blood from superficial areas - maxillary, facial, retromandibular, etc.

External jugular

Superficial, lateral jugular vein

Internal jugular

Deep, more medial jugular vein

Right subclavian vein

Vein that gives rise to the external jugular

Internal jugular

Vein that drains much of the thyroid

Internal carotid and external carotid

The common carotid artery bifurcates into ____ and _____

Internal carotid artery

Deeper branch of the common carotid artery. Supplies most of the blood that goes deep into the brain

External carotid artery

Superficial branch of the common carotid artery. Superficial blood supply - face, mandible, ears, thyroid, etc.

Deep cervical fascia

Form the boundaries of compartments. Used as a guide to surgical dissection. Allows the neck structures to slide past one another. Supports the thyroid, lymph nodes and blood vessels

Deep cervical fascia

Lies under the cover of the platysma and invests the neck

Dewlap

Loose flap of skin that hangs beneath the lower jaw

Dewlap

The attachment of the deep cervical fascia to the hypoid bone prevents _____

Due to the deep cervical fascia - separates the different parts of the neck

When a patient fractures a cervical vertebra, why doesn't that broken bone end puncture the trachea, vessels, etc. in the neck?

Carotid sheath

The deep fascia that covers the common carotid artery, the vagus nerve and the internal jugular vein

Superficial layer of deep cervical fascia

Infrahyoid fascia

Pretracheal fascia

Carotid sheath

Prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia

List the deep cervical fascias

Pretracheal fascia

Deep cervical fascia which encompasses the thyroid gland

Retropharyngeal space

Between the prevertebral and buccopharyngeal fascia

Pretracheal space

Between the infra hyoid muscles and the trachea

Lateral pharyngeal space

Lateral to the pharynx and communicate with retropharyngeal space

Submandibular space

Below the tongue

Deep portion - above mylohyoid

Superficial portion - below mylohyoid

Posterior triangle

Area of the neck between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscles

Posterior triangle

Behind the sternomastoid muscle, with the trapezius muscle on the other side and its base along the clavicle below

The anterior part of the posterior triangle touches the posterior portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Where does the anterior part of the posterior triangle touch?

Trapezius

Posterior part of the posterior triangle touches the ______ muscle

Mid-third of the clavicle

The inferior part of the posterior triangle touches the ______

Anterior triangle

Area of the neck between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and midline of the neck

Posterior

The anterior border of the SCM muscle hits the ______ aspect of the anterior triangle

The inferior border of the mandible

The superior border of the anterior triangle touches the _____

Splenius capitis

Muscle of the posterior neck that runs from C7 to T3 & T4. Functions to extend the head

Preauricular nodes

Lymph nodes in front of the ear

Postauricular nodes

Lymph nodes behind the ear

Occipital nodes

Lymph nodes at the base of the skull

Tonsillar nodes

Lymph nodes at the angle of the jaw

Submandibular nodes

Lymph nodes under the jaw on the side

Submental nodes

Lymph nodes under the jaw in the midline

Superficial (anterior) cervical nodes

Lymph nodes over and in front of the sternomastoid muscle

Supraclavicular nodes

Lymph nodes in the angle of the sternomastoid and the clavicle

Supraclavicular nodes

What lymph nodes is it concerning to be able to see with the naked eye?

Brachial plexus

An arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine, through the neck, the axilla and into the arm

Brachial plexus

Responsible for cutaneous and muscular innervation of the entire upper limb, with 2 exceptions.

The trapezius muscle innervated by the spinal accessory nerve and an area near the axilla innervated by the intercostobrachialis nerve

The brachial plexus is responsible for cutaneous and muscular innervation of the entire upper limb, with two exceptions. What are these two exceptions?

C5-T1

What cervical nerve roots make up the brachial plexus?

Underneath the clavicle

Brachial plexus runs ____ the clavicle and down the arm

Buccinator muscle

Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips. Pulls back the angle of the mouth and flattens the cheek area.

Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

What nerve is the motor innervation of the buccinator muscle?

Buccal branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve

Provides sensory innervation to the buccinator muscle

Orbicularis oris muscle

Sphincter muscle around the mouth

Masseter

One of the muscles of mastication, functions to elevate the mandible (close mouth)

Trigeminal nerve

Cranial nerve V (5)

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Nerve responsible for sensation in the face

Sensory root

Which part of the trigeminal nerve is larger, the sensory root or the motor root?

V1 - Ophthalmic

V2 - Maxillary

V3 - Mandibular

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve in the face?

Severed/damaged CNV2 - second branch of the trigeminal nerve in the face (maxillary nerve)

Your patient comes into the ER with a deep laceration to the face. You test his sensation above the eyebrow, and it is intact. However, when you test his sensation in the zygomatic area of the face, the patient is not able to feel anything. What might this mean?

Masseter and temporalis

Two muscles of the face that function to elevate the mandible ("close the jaw")

Medial pterygoid muscle

Muscle of the face involved in lateral chewing

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Muscle of the face that protrudes the mandible

Hard palate

Soft palate

What are the two parts of the palate?

Velum

Another name for soft palate

The maxillary nerve branch (V2) of the trigeminal nerve

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve in the face prodvides sensory innervation to the palate?

Palatoglossal arch

Arch in the mouth that connects the soft palate to the tongue

Palatopharyngeal arch

Arch connecting the palate to the pharynx

32

How many teeth in a normal adult

Tongue

Muscle that positions food between the teeth and forms words in speech

Intrinsic muscles

Muscles that change the shape of the tongue

Extrinsic muscles

Muscles that attach the tongue to the skeleton

Genioglossus and hypoglossus muscles

Muscles that attach the tongue to the skeleton

Intrinsic salivary glands

Salivary glands all over the mucous membranes of the tongue, palate, lips, lining of the cheek

Extrinsic salivary glands

Salivary glands that secrete more saliva when eating or anticipating

Parotid

Submandibular

Sublingual

What are the 3 extrinsic salivary glands?