Module 6- genetics, evolution and ecosystems

outline how DNA sequencing and bioinformatics can be used to increase effectiveness of a vaccination program

DNA sequencing allows scientists to predict the base sequence of viral genome and detects its high mutation rate. scientists can predict antigen that is most likely to be circulating and ensure vaccine includes the correct antigen for current strain. bioinformatics facilitates access to large quantities of data on DNA and proteins. therefore allowing scientists to predicts vulnerable populations. scientists can also identify the source of outbreaks.

dm to cm

x1000 (decimetres are larger than centimetres)

compare the process of thin layer chromatography and gel electrophoresis

chromatography

• separates based on solubility

• separates non-charged particles

electrophoresis

• separates based on size

• uses electric currents

• separates charged particles

• buffer solution required

what is gel electrophoresis

a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size using an electric current

steps of gel electrophoresis

• dna fragments are placed in wells in an agrose gel

• an electric current is applied across of gel

• dna is negatively charged so moves towards the positively charged anode

• smaller fragments move further because they can pass through gel matrix more easily

• a banding pattern is produced

PCR steps

• heat dna sample to 90/95 degrees in order to denature hydrogen bonding between dna strands — this separates the stand into single strands

• lower temperature to 55-65 degrees so that primers can bind to complementary base pairs - annealing

• temperature is raised to approx 70 degrees which is the optimum temperature for taq polymerase — elongation