Plasma Membranes, Transport and Enzymes - Chapter 5 (copy)

Membranes act as a great barrier and are __.

semi-permeable.

Phospholipids consist of a hydrophilic head and two __ tails.

hydrophobic.

The hydrophilic head of a phospholipid includes a __ group attached to a glycerol molecule.

phosphate.

Water can permeate through membranes facilitated by __ proteins.

aquaporin.

Integral proteins fully integrate into the __ structure.

membrane.

Peripheral proteins do not penetrate completely and are located on the __ of the membrane.

exterior or interior surfaces.

Passive transport requires __ energy.

no.

Facilitated diffusion involves the movement of solute utilizing __ facilitators.

protein.

Osmosis refers to the diffusion of __ across a membrane.

water.

In a hypertonic solution, the solute concentration is __, causing water to exit the cells.

higher.

Active transport moves molecules __ their concentration gradient.

against.

Exocytosis involves vesicles fusing with the plasma __ to release contents.

membrane.

In phagocytosis, cells __ solid particulates.

engulf.

Cells depend on energy, which cannot be created or __.

destroyed.

Potential energy is stored energy; specifically, the energy in __ bonds.

chemical.

Kinetic energy is energy in __, applicable to molecular activity.

motion.

Exergonic reactions release energy, resulting in products with __ energy than reactants.

less.

Endergonic reactions require energy input, yielding products with __ energy than reactants.

more.

ATP serves as the primary __ currency of the cell.

energy.

Forming phosphodiester bonds in ATP is __.

endergonic.

ATP hydrolysis is __, driving cellular work.

exergonic.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower __ energy requirements.

activation.

Active site is the specific region where __ molecules bind.

substrate.

Competitive inhibitors bind to the __ site of enzymes.

active.

Non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere, causing changes to the enzyme that affect the __ site.

active.

Feedback inhibition prevents excessive __ accumulation.

product.

Membranes restrict passage of many __ molecules.

polar.

Water migrates toward areas of __ solute concentration.

higher.

ATP can be regenerated from __.

ADP.

Transport proteins allow specific __ or molecules to enter or exit the cell.

ions.

Facilitated diffusion does not require __ expenditure.

energy.

The principle of 'like dissolves like' explains protein association with the __.

membrane.

Transport proteins are essential for moving __ nutrients into a cell.

polar.

Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids characterize the hydrophobic __ of phospholipids.

tails.

Phosphate groups attached to glycerol in phospholipids feature in the __ head.

hydrophilic.

Solubility, mass of solute, temperature, and surface area influence __.

diffusion.

Osmosis is crucial for maintaining __ homeostasis.

cellular.

ATP synthesis is __, requiring energy input.

endergonic.

Enzymes are not __ or permanently changed in the process of catalyzing reactions.

consumed.

Types of endocytosis include phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and __ -mediated endocytosis.

receptor.